The Positive and Negative Effects of Mongol Practice and...

Ruta Malsky 11-26-11 Pd 6 The Positive and Negative effects of Mongol Practice and Belief The Mongol empire was the world’s largest empire. The Mongol’s practices and beliefs had both positive and negative effects. The large Mongolian empire promoted communication and diversity; however, despite this positive effect, the Mongolian empire housed the deaths of many innocent people. In addition to this, the Mongol empire fostered various religions, but enforced the same practices on everyone, no matter what religion they may follow; this brought order amongst the Mongolian empire. The Mongolian empire was, and still is to this day, the largest empire known to man (Doc 1). Under the Mongolians, communication was immensely improved†¦show more content†¦After the Mongols would sack a city, they would drive out the city’s citizens and chop off their heads, and after the heads were they would sort the heads into piles: one for men, one for women, and then one for children (Doc 4). In so me cases they even buried people alive upside-down (Doc 5)! However, this document, document 5, may be biased. This document came from a Persian manuscript, so the Persians could have over exaggerated the strictness of the Mongols and portrayed them as wicked people. It is very possible that the Persians could have does this especially if they despised the Mongols for taking over their land. Very few people survived, if any were to have survived, then the survivors were most likely artisans or slaves, since the Mongols sought them out before they began to murder the city’s inhabitants with an axe (Doc 3). However, inhabitants of cities were not the only ones who suffered assassination; soldiers of the Mongolian army suffered manslaughter as well. In the Mongolian army there was a captain who oversaw ten soldiers, then there was a captain supervised one hundred soldiers, and so on (Doc.2). If a few men out of a group of ten were to run away, then all of the ten men would be p ut to death (Doc 2). Same applies to men in a group of one hundred; if ten men were to flee from a group of one hundred, then every man, from that group of one hundred men, would beShow MoreRelatedInfluence Of Science And Religion1564 Words   |  7 Pages1. Q) Compare and contrast the influence of science and religion in the development of humanity. Discuss both the positive and the negative. A) The systematic testing of observations, and the belief of something larger than ourselves, have been part of the human experience since time began. Both science and religion have influenced human thought and civilization. When a question could not be answered by time and observation, people fell back on spiritual explanationsRead MoreThe Plague Of The Black Death1798 Words   |  8 Pagesthe European population was affected in both positive and negative ways. From his writing it stood out that the lower class was affected the most as the conditions they lived in were worse than in the upper classes. This research paper will reveal the effects of medieval methods of treatment of this disease, precautions that were taken to stop spreading the plague, and the post effects on European society. Especially, I want to highlight that the practice of quarantine has always been controversialRead MoreInvention of Paper in China5180 Words   |  21 Pageslabor and low production costs whi ch give China an advantage over other countries. Evidence of this tremendous growth can be seen in the low unemployment rate and the increasing volume of exports. (The Chinese Economy, 2011). Contrary to popular belief, education in China is not free. Children are required to attend both primary and junior middle school for a total of nine years. Tuition is free during these required years, but there costs of materials and supplies are the responsibility of theRead MoreGlobalization : A New Wave Of Christian Thought3019 Words   |  13 Pagesand migration have been the popular claim for the new southward movement because of a silent passenger that’s travels with the movement of people called the, â€Å"invisible suitcase or baggage.† This invisible suitcase contains inside all the religious beliefs an individual has and wants to preserve. (Padilla and Phan) This â€Å"suitcase† is relevant because being in a new environment causes people to feel insecure, judged and persecuted. So in order for someone to feel comfortable and avoid anxiety or alienationRead MoreIslamic and Christianity Essay13431 Words   |  54 PagesPrescored answer papers. Score levels 5 and 1 have two papers each, and score levels 4, 3, and 2 have three papers each. They are ordered by score level from high to low. †¢ Commentary explaining the specific score awarded to each paper †¢ Five prescored practice papers General: †¢ Test Specifications †¢ Web addresses for the test-specific conversion chart and teacher evaluation forms Copyright 2010 The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Albany, New York 12234 GLOBAL HISTORYRead MoreReligion And Its Role Within Societies 600 B.c11006 Words   |  45 Pagesit’s written down, it’s much easier to spread your beliefs and it’s harder to forget specifics of your religion or law. Writing down religious and political texts has greatly facilitated the religions’ diffusion and spread throughout the globe, and consequently, brought together and apart many more religious people and governments. What also helped currently popular and dominant religions spread was that most of them build upon the religious beliefs already accepted by the societies the religions were

The Native American s Society - 919 Words

In the late 1400s, King Ferdinand sent Christopher Columbus on a voyage to find a western sea route to Asia, with the purpose of finding resources for the kingdom. With the greed of treasure in mind, they set sail and stumbled upon new land, the land of the Native Americans where there was a plethora of resources. These new people were a different skin color, worshiped a different god, and were technologically inadvanced, consequently creating a shade of condescension within the Europeans. Thus giving the notion that these Native Americans were not people, and were not to be treated as such, making it virtually impossible for these two cultures to peacefully cohabit. Hispaniola was where the reign of the Europeans over the New World began, proving to become detrimental to the Native American’s society. The Europeans didn’t consider these Native Americans as people, more as an object and a resource themselves. They ignored the fact that the Native Americans let them come with open hands and took complete advantage over them. Bartolomà © De Las Casas, who was one of Europe’s most eloquent apologist for Native American rights, discusses how abusive the Europeans were in this quick narration: â€Å"They began their subjection of the women and children, taking them away from the Indians to use them and ill use them, eating the food they provided with their sweat and toil. The Spaniards did not content themselves with what the Indians gave them of their own free will, according toShow MoreRelatedImmigration Through The Late 1800 s And Early 1900 S1045 Words   |  5 Pageslate 1800’s and early 1900’s created nativism throughout the United States. Millions of immigrants flocked to the United States trying to find a better way of life to be able to support their families. Industrialization in the United States provided a labor source for the immigrants. Native born Americans believed immigrants were a â€Å"threat to the American way of life† (ATF chapter 11) Social and economic fault lines developed between natives and immigrants, through out the late 1800’s and early 1900’sRead MoreThe Chicago Blackhawks, Washington Redskins, Cleveland1 379 Words   |  6 PagesChiefs, and Atlanta Braves are all professional sport teams in America that use Native American culture to represent them through the means of tribe names, logos, and mascots. These teams have received a lot of media attention around the debate on if the representation of Native Americans is offensive or not. Controversy surrounding Native American mascots first came into the public eye during the 1960s Native American Civil Rights movement, where the use of these mascots was criticized for beingRead MoreAnalysis Of Colin Calloway s The First Colonies 1539 Words   |  7 Pagesthe New World nor the Native Americans were considered monolithic. Instead, they were much more nuanced in their understanding of the multifaceted attributes of the cultural associations in the Colonial United States. Calloway surveys this intriguing story with illustrative and detailed ways that offer a pertinent starting point for any individual wanting to know more about how the European people and Native Americans cooperated or interacted with one another in America s first years. Thesis ofRead MoreCultural Awareness : Native American1349 Words   |  6 PagesAwareness: Native American’s When Christopher Columbus landed in America he thought he landed in the East Indies, but it was the West Indies instead. There were millions of indigenous people when he reached the New World in 1942. He named the indigenous people Indian’s. According to Lehnardt (2015), there are 566 federally recognized Native American tribes. The largest tribal groups in the U.S are the Sioux, Navajo, Chippewa, Choctaw, Cherokee, and Iroquois. In today’s society, we see many Native AmericanRead More Prejudice Against Native Americans Essay914 Words   |  4 Pages Prejudice Against Native Americans These people began migrating thirty thousand years before Christopher Colombus quot;discoveredquot; the Americas. Native Americans migrated from Asia, crossing a land bridge where the Bering Strait off the coast of Alaska is today. Over the centuries these people spread throughout the continents of North and South America. Since the arrival of the Europeans in 1492 the American Indian has been dehumanized, decivilized and redefined into terms thatRead MoreIndian Mascots Vs. Racial Discrimination1200 Words   |  5 Pagesworld, representing a Native American is showing honor and respect. In society, communities take it as offensive and racist towards Native Americans. The government recognizes the positive representation of Indians and has given them more rights than state citizens. Considering the history, what it means, and general attitude, Indian mascots should be allowed. A common question about this topic is, â€Å"Insult or Honor?† Professional clubs aren’t the only ones with Native American names and mascots. TeamsRead MoreHistorical And Contemporary Stereotypes Of Native American Indian Women1133 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical and contemporary stereotypes of Native American Indian women have resulted in erroneous and callous images. Mass media, movies, and printed materials continue to depict Native American Indian women as either a princess or a savage. Native American Indian women are affected by non-humanistic myths and stereotypes that are advertised by the media, popular literature, and movies. The Pocahontas paradox represents a dilemma for Native American Indian women. This historical movement hasRead MoreCulturally Competant Care to Native American1113 Words   |  5 PagesCompetent Care to a Native American Patient Fundamentals amp; Medical Surgical Nursing April 13, 2012 Providing Culturally Competent Care to a Native American Patient Introduction When caring for a Native American patient, it is imperative that the nurse provide culturally competent care. In this scenario, there are two main dimensions along which cultural tensions between the patient and the nurse can arise. The first pertains to the actual practices and values of Native American culture, whichRead MoreAnalysis Of Thunder Heart 1118 Words   |  5 PagesThunder Heart: Analysis The film Thunder Heart contained numerous viewpoints identified with society arranging issues in regions, for example, Politics and political defilement, Education, Cultural arousing and Social system. Thunder heart investigates common points, for example, segregation, political activism and homicide. The film collected a few grant designations from the Political Film Society. Thunder heart, Ray Levoi changes his previous social personality of being F.B.I. Specialists toRead MoreChristopher Columbus : A Dominant Figure1366 Words   |  6 Pagescolonies came to North America, trying to find new chances for lives. However, there is no doubt that sacrifice was made by specific group of people, especially native Americans. European shared Native American’s resources, occupied their lands, forced them to be slaves, as well as brought diseases, which caused that millions of Native Americans died during that era. With the study of history about European colonies’ settlement, I would like to compare both negative and positive influence that European

Polarization In The Political System Essay Example For Students

Polarization In The Political System Essay Polarization in the Political SystemOn Tuesday, November 14, 1995, in what has been perceived as the years biggest non-event, the federal government shut down all non-essential services due to what was, for all intents and purposes, a game of national chicken between the House Speaker and the President. And, at an estimated cost of 200 million dollars a day, this dubious battle of dueling egos did not come cheap (Bradsher, 1995, p.16). Why do politicians find it almost congenitallyimpossible to cooperate? What is it about politics and power that seemto always put them at odds with good government? Indeed, is an effective, well run government even possible given the current adversarial relationship between our two main political parties? It would seem that the exercise of power for its own sake, and a competitive situation in which one side must always oppose the other on any issue, is incompatible with the cooperation and compromise necessary for the government to function. As the Un ited States becomes more extreme in its beliefs in general, group polarization and competition, which requires a mutual exclusivity of goal attainment, will lead to more showdown situations in which the goal of good government gives way to political posturing and power-mongering. In this paper I will analyze recent political behavior in terms of twofactors: Group behavior with an emphasis on polarization, and competition. However, one should keep in mind that these two factors are interrelated. Group polarization tends to exacerbate inter-group competition by driving any two groups who initially disagree farther apart in their respective views. In turn, a competitive situation in which one side must lose in order for the other to win (andpolitical situations are nearly always competitive), will codify thedifferences between groups leading to further extremism by those seeking power within the group and thus, to further group polarization. In the above example, the two main combatants, Bill Clinton and Newt Gingrich, were virtually forced to take uncompromising, disparate views because of the very nature of authority within their respective political groups. Group polarization refers to the tendency of groups to gravitate to the extreme of whatever opinion the group shares (Baron Graziano, 1991, p.498-99). Therefore, if the extreme is seen as a desirable characteristic, individuals who exhibit extreme beliefs will gain authority through referent power. In other words, they will have characteristics that other group members admire and seek to emulate (p. 434). Unfortunately, this circle of polarization and authority can lead to a bizarre form of one-upsmanship in which each group member seeks to gain power and approval by being more extreme than the others. The end result is extremism in the pursuit ofauthority without any regard to the practicality or reasonableness of the beliefs in question. Since the direction of p olarization is currently in opposite directions in our two party system, it is almost impossible to find a common ground between them. In addition, the competitive nature of the two party system many times eliminates even the possibility of compromise since failure usually leads to adevastating loss of power. If both victory and extremism are necessary to retain power within the group, and if, as Alfie Kohn (1986) stated in his book No Contest: The Case Against Competition, competition is mutually exclusive goal attainment (one side must lose in order for the other to win), then compromise and cooperation are impossible (p. 136). This is especially so if the opponents are dedicated to retaining power at all costs. That power is an end in itself is made clear by the recentshutdown of the government. It served no logical purpose. Beyondcosting a lot of money, it had no discernible effect except as a power struggle between two political heavyweights. According to David Kipnis (1976, ci ted in Baron Graziano, 1991), one of the negative effects of power is, in fact, the tendency to regard it as its own end, and to ignore the possibility of disastrous results from the reckless use of power (p. 433). Therefore, it would seem that (at least in this case) government policy is created and implemented, not with regard to its effectiveness as government policy, but only with regard to its value as a tool for accumulating and maintaining power. Another of Kipniss negative effects of power is the tendency to use it for selfish purposes (p.433). In politics this can be seen as the predilection towards making statements for short term political gain that are either nonsensical or contradictory to past positions held by the candidates themselves. While this may not be the use of actual power, it is an attempt to gain political office (and therefore power) without regard for the real worth or implications of a policy for good government. The Scarlet Pimpernel EssayReferencesBaron, B.M., Graziano, W.G. (1991). Social Psychology. Fort Worth,TX. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Bradsher, K. (1995, November 18). Country may be losing money withgovernment closed. The New York Times, pp.16Kohn, A. (1986). No Contest: The Case Against Competition. Boston,Houghton Mifflin. No Author. (1995, March 24). internet What Wilson has said aboutentering race. San Jose Mercury News Online. Address:http://www.sjmercury.com/wilson/wil324s.htmThurm, S. (1995, August 29). internet Wilsons announcement moreof an ad: California governor kicks off drive for GOP presidential nomination. San Jose Mercury News Online. Address:http://www.sjmercury.com/wilson/wil829.htmTurgue, B., ; Thomas, E. (1995, November 27). Missing the moment. Newsweek, pp.26-29.

Systemic Leadership

Leadership is a role and is not usually based on an individual’s genetic make up. People often confuse leadership with the occupation of certain positions of authority. This is however not the case as there are many individuals who hold no positions of authority yet they make a big impact when it comes to the concept of leadership. Some of those in such positions may on the contrary not exert much influence on their subjects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Systemic Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Humans usually decide on the way to influence others by persuading them, issuing of rewards, administering punishment, enacting rule, emotionally appealing to them and many more (Bennis, 1984). Leadership is usually based on ethics. A leader can only be considered effective if he/she considers morality in leadership. The person has to be able to distinguishing right from wrong and do that which is per ceived as right. A leader is supposed to create conditions under which the subordinates will find it appropriate to exist; â€Å"A leader is a person who has an unusual degree of power to create the conditions under which other people must live and move and have their being, conditions that can either be as illuminating as heaven or as shadowy as hell. A leader must take special responsibility for what is going on inside his or her own self, inside his or her consciousness, lest the act ofAdvertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More leadership create more harm than good (Johnson, 2004). At community and civic level, the capability of someone to lead is usually based on the ability of that person to acknowledge the fact there is the positive and negative side of leadership. The positive side can be equated to the ability of a leader to undertake his/her role as a leader while considering hi gh ethical standards, the negative or shadow side of leadership can be compared to the negative traits such as greed and hatred. Facing the negative side usually minimizes the chance for abuse of power. A leader must be able to address the leadership challenges which include power and the privileges that come with it, issues of deception, ensuring that he/she is consistent, loyal and responsible. The way one addresses such issues determines whether such a person has the capability of becoming a good leader or a bad one at the community or civic level (Coles, 2000). Leadership is usually based on the ability of a person to be truthful to the seniors, colleagues, juniors as well as other parties that might require the person to attend to them. The person must treat others with fairness. The he/she should treat the subordinates in the most appropriate way like giving them the right and relevant information that is needed for them to effectively perform their duties. One with leadership qualities must be able to offer constructive criticism and not to use criticism as a means of pinning others down. The person should be motivational and compliment others where possible. Effective leadership has to be based on mutual respect and not dominative whereby the others are perceived as inferior (Allen, 2000). Deception usually has detrimental effects on the leadership as it erodes the trust that exists between the leader and subjects. It is the root cause of shadow leadership where truth is held back and deception becomes the order of the day. Effective leadership has to be cautious of the image that it portrays to the subjects as this in the long run influences the perceptions that people have towards the leadership. Leaders need to project ethical issues to the subjects so as to help build trust and confidence. The leaders need to be cautious of the verbal and non-verbal communication that they portray to the rest of the people:Advertising We will write a custom es say sample on Systemic Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Patterns of deception, whether they take the form of outright lies hiding or distorting information destroys the trust that binds leaders and fellows together (Johnson, 2004).† Leadership has to encompass loyalty and the right decision making. A leader should put the interests of the community first before considering personal interests. Good leadership need not to be characterized by betrayal or misplaced loyalties. It would be very disloyal for instance if a leader assured the subjects that the organization is quite well while the reality is that the organization is headed towards collapse: â€Å"In addition to their duties to employees and stakeholders, they must consider their obligation to their families, local communities, professions, larger society, and the environment. Noteworthy leaders put the needs of the larger community above self interests (Johnson, 2004).† Communities in smaller towns in rural areas and its needs play a very significant role in the shaping of the community type and effective civic leaders. Such communities put a lot of value to family life and social responsibility hence shaping up leaders that have family values and are generally responsible. Such communities raise leaders who have high moral standards. Communities in such towns have a lot of attachment to their families as opposed to those in large metropolitan cities which are characterized by individualism. Communities in smaller towns that are near rural areas put a lot of emphasis on loyalty to whatever group that one is affiliated to. In such cases therefore, they help in shaping up leaders who would be loyal to the people as well as to his/her work. Such leaders have no problems of betrayal or misplaced loyalties. Most of the communities are characterized by selflessness. Most of them share whatever they have with the other members of t he community. This helps to shape up leaders who are not self-centered but those who put the priorities of the communities fast. Lager metropolitan cities and towns on the other hand are characterized by the policy of ‘everyone for himself’ and this helps to encourage selfish traits in leadership. People get into leadership positions to be served and gain instead of serving and giving. Most of the communities in small towns near rural areas carry out their activities together ass opposed to those in metropolitan cities. This encourages teamwork and in the long run help in raising leaders who are team players and who know the significance of every group member hence treating each member with the dignity that he/she deserves.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The rural setting plays a very significant role in eliminating vices that are associated with leadership positions like the abuse of power, pride and greed, deception, inconsistency in the treatment of people, betrayal and misplaced loyalties and irresponsibility. This is because the communities have smaller populations which demand for greater accountability of the leaders as well as greater responsibility (Drath, 2001). Reference List Allen, K. (2000). Systemic Leadership: Enriching the Meaning of Our Work. Lanham: University Press of America. Bennis, W. N. (1984). Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge. San Francisco: Harper Row. Coles, R. (2000). Lives of Moral Leadership. New York: Random House. Drath, W. (2001). The Deep Blue Sea: Rethinking the Source of Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Johnson, G. (2004). Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light and  shadow (2 ed.). Carlifornia: Sage. This essay on Systemic Leadership was written and submitted by user Hugo E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Legalization of Cannabis for Therapeutic Purpo Essays

The Legalization of Cannabis for Therapeutic Purposes (Name) (Institutional affiliation) The legalization of marijuana is a topic that has sparked debate since its ban in the United States in the early 1930s. Lawmakers, scholars and ordinary citizens are ever active in the deliberation on its legalization and are divided on which outcome should prevail. However, the use of cannabis for therapeutic purposes (CTP) has significantly increased, with public perception towards its legalization warming up considerably. Today, marijuana consumption for medical purposes is legal in 30 states, though heavily controlled in most. In Colorado, California, Oregon, Alaska, Nevada, Washington D.C., Massachusetts and Maine it is legal to use cannabis for recreational use. However, research on its potential medical applications is limited and heavily controlled by the federal government, with opponents of its countrywide legalization the most vocal against such an initiative. This paper discusses the perceptions of disadvantages of cannabis use to individuals and society in genera l and maintains the stance that it is not a public threat. To understand the recent intrigue of whether Cannabis for Therapeutic Purposes (CTP) should be legalized or not, it is essential to delve into why its popularity dropped since the 1960s. Regardless of the ban on marijuana in 1930, CTP continued to play a significant part of the medical community up until 1961 when a UN convention concluded that due to its high potential for abuse, it was no longer accepted for medical use ( Sznitman Zolotov , 2015) . More advanced medicines were discovered and developed, leading to decreases in CTP use. Nevertheless, the turn of the millennium has seen an increase in the use of CTP, with proponents and opponents in disagreement. Proponents for cannabis legalization cite the critical advantages as a boost in revenue, decrease in crime, its health benefits, better substance control and strong price control. They maintain that every citizen has the right to make their own choice regarding drug use, and specifically cannabis due to its natural component. Opponents of its legalization, on the other hand, are of the opinion that marijuana has addictive properties, is a gateway drug, has severe health effects and increase the societal problems that are prevalent in our communities. Surprisingly, the opponents of marijuana legalization are often the lobbyists for legislature preventing medical studies and research on marijuana. It has been suggested that CTP legalization will result in the increase in illegal cannabis use among groups such as the youth, high-risk groups and non-risk groups. Regarding the youth, studies have been inconclusive on whether CTP legalization increases in teens to use illegal cannabis. Studies have found that CTP legalization does increase the availability and prevalence of marijuana, but data on teen use is varied. A survey carried out in Colorado, a cannabis legalized state, found that drug-related suspensions in public schools bumped slightly after marijuana was legalized in 2009 but stayed level after (Dills, Goffard and Miron , 2016) . Regarding expulsion, the study found that the rate also rose somewhat but dropped thereafter. CTP legalization has not led to an increase in the use of illegal cannabis by the youth. High-risk groups are people who are more likely to use cannabis like arrestees and ER patients while non-risk groups include a majority of the population. Studies carried out regarding high-risk groups, and CTP legalization found no correlation between the two in the sense that an increase in cannabis use among these groups was not associated with the passing of CTP laws. Majority of the studies involving illegal cannabis use and CTP laws have examined the association using the non-risk population. Eight of these studies found no relationship between CTP laws and illegal cannabis use, with one study suggesting that the changes in perceived risk of cannabis use were unrelated to CTP l egalization. Empirical evidence suggests that CTP legalization resulted in a reduction in the use of illegal c annabis in 48 of the 58 states ( Cerda et al., 2012). Therefore cannabis legalization diminishes the black market for cannabis One hypothesis suggested that cannabis prices would reduce significantly decrease due to CTP legalization, leading to increases in its use. Due to economic theory, this would seem accurate due as cannabis would

Books About African American Women and Feminist Theory

Books About African American Women and Feminist Theory Feminism in the 1960s and 1970s made a difference in the life of women in the United States, but the womens movement is often remembered as being too white. Many black feminists responded to the womens liberation movement and the cries of sisterhood with writings that critically analyzed the second wave of feminism or provided missing pieces of the puzzle. Here is a list of five important books about African-American feminism: Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism by bell hooks (1981)The important feminist writer bell hooks responds to racism in the second-wave feminist movement and sexism in the Civil Rights movement. All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave edited by Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott and Barbara Smith   (1982)Racism, the feminist â€Å"sisterhood,† myths about women, Black consciousness, history, literature and theory combine in this interdisciplinary anthology. In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose by Alice Walker (1983)A collection of nearly 20 years of Alice Walkers writing about the civil rights and peace movements, feminist theory, families, white society, black writers and the â€Å"womanist† tradition. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches by Audre Lorde (1984)An eye-opening collection about feminism, transformation, anger, sexism and identity from the marvelous poet Audre Lorde. Words of Fire: An Ant hology of African-American Feminist Thought edited by Beverly Guy-Sheftall   (1995)This collection includes the philosophies of black women from the 1830s through the turn of the 21st century. Sojourner Truth, Ida Wells-Barnett, Angela Davis, Pauli Murray and Alice Walker are just a few of the writers included.

Myths about Grammar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Myths about Grammar - Essay Example The structures are not to be taught to the learners, they will acquire them on their own and if they are to be taught then the lessons are expected to be boring. They will be boring because the students will be required to repeat the different models in grammar (Chomsky, 136). Such teaching activities can be boring. This makes it more questionable. However there are different approaches that are communicative and proficiency based that limit the grammar instructions. There are several grammar claims that should be called grammar myths. There is a myth about split infinitives. You might have heard people saying that you are not supposed to use split infinitives. It is one of the many grammar myths that have been contradicting people for quite a long time. It all started with the Latin writers. (Bryan, 270) How the myth of split infinitives began Not to split infinitives is a notion that is mistaken. Latin was a, model in good writing in the 1800s and different writers tried to make English fit in Latin language. The attempt was unrealistic since the Latin infinitive is always one word and there is no way that it can be split. On the contrary, the infinitive has to be split in the English language (House, 54). No matter how awkward and unattractive the split infinitive is, it is never wrong to use them. There is nothing desirable about split infinitives, but according to H.W Fowler he says that when it comes to real ambiguity, then split infinitives are quite useful (Fowler, 768) .Always feel free to use the split infinitives whenever necessary even when it is a clumsy version. An example of a sentence with a split infinitive is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We wanted to immediately leave for the airport†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. This splits an infinitive and is definitely not the right one to use. The other example is â€Å"The committee plans to le gally ban franc disclosures† (LaRocque 61) .This sentence makes it clear that it is necessary to use a split infinitive. A split infinitive A split infinitive is a word that comes in between the particle â€Å"to and the verb. An example of a split infinitive word is â€Å"to go boldly† (Wardhaugh 69) it might seem wrong but then it is not. Split infinitives have been a great controversy among the teachers and the grammar people, but the notion that it is a grammatical myth is a mistake. Henry Fowler the writer of the book Modern English Usage stated that these as superstitions .It is a superstition that has never been legit and different English writers have always been splitting the infinitives ever since the 1300s. The blame has always been put on Henry Alford a Latinist and used to be the Dean of Canterbury in the 19th century. Alford published a book, A Plea for the Queen’s English in 1864 where he declared that â€Å"To† was an inseparable infinitiv e. He probably was influenced by the Latin grammar that infinitive is one word and it can never be split. Like you should not put the word,† Boldly† between an infinitive phrases â€Å"To go-as in â€Å"to boldly go’. This was false. (Alford 171) In the early 20th century the highly respected English writers Henry Fowler, George 0.Curme and many more started explaining that the split infinitive is preferable and accepted. Besides it is hard to split an infinitive, since the particle â€Å"To† is simply a prepositional marker and not part of the infinitive. At times it s never needed. An example like â€Å"She helped me to read† the particle ‘To’ can be dropped. But then because of the grammar myths that still live on, then it becomes difficult for one to drop it. That could explain why it is still in use and considered grammatically correct (Harris, Bruce

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Response paper - Essay Example A neighbor says: â€Å"Good fences make good neighbors†, but for the main character this claim is vague. He cannot guess whether this claim is right or wrong. Frost introduces different metaphors and comparisons trying to compare the issues of privacy of the modern society with the laws of nature. He talks about animals and he says that there is no need to hide from each other and to build the walls. Another neighbor opposes to him and sticks to his point claiming that it is better to be separated from each other and live one’s life the way he wants. We can see that the boundaries between neighbors are too thin and the rights of individuals can hardly be protected. On the one hand, to build a wall is to show respect to the privacy of another person, but on the other hand, it underlines a feeling of estrangement: Moreover, there are essential contradictions raised by the author, when he wants to discuss whether it is relevant to build walls or it is easier to destroy them? These questions are of crucial importance for the contemporaries, when the issues of privacy are high on the agenda. Nowadays privacy really became crucial. There is no doubt that a desire of freedom was embodied in individual privacy of the society. Further on, it is relevant to claim that the issues of privacy are too much desirable by some people and they are ready to live on their own and to be detached from others. Dependency is awful for our contemporaries, we struggle for independence and it represents our primary goal. Independence and freedom are two basic pillars of the modern society, in which only free person can be happy. It is hard to sustain these two pillars, but it is even harder to destroy them. Whether Frost right or wrong, but he makes us think about people around us and to show that humane treatment is one of the first and foremost things in the world. It is easy to build

From an economic perspective, why is Microsoft to successful Essay

From an economic perspective, why is Microsoft to successful - Essay Example Almost every computer is loaded with Microsoft operating system, without which a computer cannot function, or games. In the initial years, the company focused on creating computer language, but most of the financial success came after it embarked on producing operating systems. Today, Microsoft is one of the most popular and financially successful software companies in the world. Its products have penetrated into every household with a PC because of its easy-to-use and ground-breaking software. This paper explores the success story of Microsoft from the economic perspective. Like any other world famous companies, Microsoft is not without criticisms. It has often been criticized for its alleged bullying tactics rather than earning success through innovation. However, according to Harvard Business School professors Marco Iansiti and Alan MacCormack, the company’s success can be attributed to its capability to predict future technological developments and make maximum efficient use of the major software technologies. One remarkable fact is that Microsoft has seen huge financial successes during phases of technological revolutions because of its ability to adapt to changes. Usually, during such vulnerable phases many large businesses collapse for failing to deliver. Although it has been criticized that Microsoft Corporation’s success is largely due to its monopoly position in the global market which the company has taken full advantage of, Iansiti and MacCormack have a different perspective. They have asserted that â€Å"Microsoft wins throug h effective management of its intellectual property and an ability to spot and react to important trends before they take hold† (Silverthorne, 2002). From the early days of writing simple programming language for computers the company progressed to making operating systems based on the DOS system. In subsequent years, Microsoft grew to become Windows XP.

Rousseaus Concepts of Inequality

Rousseaus Concepts of Inequality In 1754 Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote his Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men. This essay was in response to a question posed for a prize competition by the Academy of Dijon. The question posed was: What is the origin of inequality among men, and is it authorized by natural law? Rousseau found the terms of the inquiry restraining; he reasoned that, to be considered a law it has to be agreed upon rationally and to be natural it must speak with the voice of nature (Rousseau and Cress, 25). In order to truly delve into the ontology of inequalities Rousseau asserts that we need to examine the characteristics and maxims which are natural to humans outside of the artificiality of society. However; Rousseau differs from other social theorists like Thomas Hobbes in the method that he separates reason or perfectibility from the instincts of the natural man. This leads Rousseau to espouse a positive stance on the natural man contrary to Hobbes conception. I will argue in this essay that Jean-Jacques innovative theory on the state of nature accompanies a firm stance that humanitys perfectibility allows for both positive and negative advancement; but society in its current manifestation, is inherently unequal. Rousseau recognizes two different forms of inequality which lead him to a positive ideological view on the state of nature. Rousseau makes the argument that violence and inequalities are not inherent to humans but rather that they occur due to socialization and improper assertion of reason. Rousseau identifies two different types of inequality: natural and moral. Natural inequalities are those that derive from differences in age, intelligence, capacity for reason and health or other physical characteristics. (Rousseau and Cress, 34) However; it is moral inequalities that are of greater concern to Rousseau. It is Rousseaus belief that these inequalities occur due to consent and convention. Thus these inequalities are merely a form of political rule and are preventable. In the Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men Rousseau proves that these moral inequalities do not occur in the state of nature due to several human maxims. The state of nature to Jean Jacques Rousseau is one that draws many parallels to an animal existence but differs because of one essential human characteristic. Rousseau claims two basic maxims which exist prior to mans nurturing within human societal systems of rationality. These are self-preservation and pity. It is from these principles that natural right manifest themselves. A natural right is pervasive among all people by virtue of being human itself. In the state of nature man feels a responsibility to prevent the harm of other sentient beings. This is unless a persons self-preservation is at stake. Pity and self-preservation essentially balance each other out and make it possible for savage men to exist together. These two principles rarely conflict because, according to Rousseau, one mans pity should prevent him from interfering with anothers attempts to preserve himself. Rousseau states: pity is a natural sentiment, which, by moderating in each individual the activity of the love of oneself, contributes to the mutual preservation of the entire species.(Rousseau and Cress, 55) This natural right of pity is not a rational one but rather is drawn from the empathy of being able to feel. This contrasts with the modern rational discourse which protects the individual. The natural man requires vigorous sense of dedication towards self-preservation. Animals also embody both these principles of self-preservation and pity. Humans and animals differ in one aspect which Rousseau describes as the faculty of perfectibility. (Rousseau and Cress, 45) Man is a free agent possessing the freedom to override the natural and their instincts. This distinct adaptability and unlimited faculty gives humans the capability for vice and virtue to develop. Rousseau describes this faculty of perfectibility, or reason, as having developed through a desire or fear. (Rousseau and Cress, 45) Perfectibility also implies that humans are subject to their environment. In the state of natur e humans have only natural passions of food, sex and rest and a fear of pain and hunger. Instinct alone provides that our own self-preservation does not conflict with the self-preservation of others. Because of this savage man is as ignorant of good as he is of evil. The reduced nature of their passions keeps them from rationalizing actions that contradict the natural right. Pity is essential to what Rousseau states as the mutual preservation of the species. (Rousseau and Cress, 55) Outside of the state of nature reason engenders amour propre, or love of oneself, and overrides pity. Amour Propre is a kind of supreme self-preservation unchecked by empathetic feelings of pity. (Rousseau and Cress, 56) This instills the human identification as an individual, separate and comparable to others. In Rousseaus state of nature pity takes the place of laws, morals and virtues. Savage men arent prone to quarrels they are solitary and have no conception of property or vengeance. Only self-pres ervation and pity can guarantee human equality. It is due to humanitys faculty of perfectibility that creates the potential for the greater good or the greatest evil. Modern society is the foil to ignorant equality of the state of nature. Jean-Jacques Rousseau presents a very different conception of the state of nature, in comparison to many previous philosophers The portrayal of the state of nature, as one guaranteeing equality, by Rousseau differs greatly from conception by many other political thinkers. In particular Rousseaus views go against the ideas which liberal thinkers like Thomas Hobbes set forth. Hobbes state of nature, described in the Leviathan, is that the state of nature is one where humans engage in perpetual warfare. Mankinds passions drive him to desire things and to fear others. In this state self-preservation is the supreme and singular goal. The singularity of self-preservation leads to the human belief that they have a right to all things. Only through the submission to the social contract does Hobbes believe that humanity can escape the dangers and evils of the state of nature. Rousseaus conception of the state of nature shares some similar principals but the overall outcome is in stark opposition. Man in Rousseaus state of nature is ruled by the dichotomous relationship between pity and self-preservation. The right t o all things does not exist since maxim of self-preservation is checked by pity. Hobbes also fails to acknowledge that in the state of nature man is ignorant to Rousseaus idea of amour propre. It is through a simplified world-view that the natural man exists their passions are simple. Rousseaus natural man is not wicked because they do not know what it is to be good. While Hobbes insists savage man has no conception of good and thus he is wicked. The social contract Hobbes solution to his exacerbating state of nature requires a consensually chosen Sovereign to protect its citizens from the state of nature. In opposition; Rousseau believes that it is these institutions, created under an illusion of reason, that create unequal competition between people. Rousseau states All ran to chains themselves, in the belief that they secured their liberty, for although they had enough reason to feel the advantages of political establishment, they did not have enough experience to foresee its dangers. (Rousseau and Cress, 70) Rousseaus connotative meaning surrounding the social contract and its effects on humanity are portrayed through his depiction of the evolution of man from the state of nature. The conditions surrounding Rousseaus embryonic man are simple yet positive compared to the situation of his successors. His first concern was for self-preservation. Man had no dreams for exploiting or profiting from nature. However different natural obstacles forced humanity to their faculty of perfectibility to adapt to different climates producing different lifestyles. The hunt of different animals led to the axiomatic belief in preeminence among earths species. Rousseau asserts that were several revolutions that originated from the adaptations due to human perfectibility. The first revolution, that Rousseau addresses, spurred from the creation of tools. Tools led to the establishment of communal homes and family life. Conjugal love resulted and also led to different familial and societal roles. These changes in lifestyle allowed for more than self-preservation, but also leisure. (Rousseau and Cress, 62) New conveniences were developed and eventually relied upon. Mankind grew to be more settled increasing the salience of culture and tradition. These in turn led to ideas of merit, preference and eventually jealousy. (Rousseau and Cress, 62) However; Rousseau believes that this early society was the happiest epoch representing a middle way between the indolence of state of nature and the activity of amour propre. From this we can draw what was Rousseaus larger purpose. He believed as long as men applied themselves only to one-man tasks, they were free and healthy. The moment when one man needed the help of another, and one man wanted what was enough for two, equality disappeared, work became necessary and oppression developed. Thus it is during what Rousseau calls the second revolution (cause by metallurgy and agriculture) that inequality begins to emerged. (Rousseau and Cress, 62) Initially the division of land followed its cultivation, and labour gave the right to the land. Eventually due to the unequal distribution of talents and resources gave way to the exploitation of labour. The division between land and labour is what has spurred modern inequalities. Rousseau states: the first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said This is mine, and found people naÃÆ'Â ¯ve enough to believe him, that man was the true founder of civil society. From how many crimes, wars and murders, from how many horrors and misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind, by pulling up the stakes, or filling up the ditch, and crying to his fellows: Beware of listening to this impostor; you are undone if you once forget that the fruits of the earth belong to us all, and the earth itself to nobody. (Rousseau and Cress, 60) This division between labour and property coupled with the social contract are what Rousseau deems responsible for societal inequalities. By uniting the rich and poor in a supreme power of the social contract laws of inequality and property became fixed thus systemically ensuring the profit of the few. When the principal maxims of humanity become peripheral the result is of overarching inequalities in the civil society and state. I believe that Rousseau thought that humans are not inherently evil but that their faculty of perfectibility has led them temporarily astray. His belief could be interpreted as distaste for the capitalist system in which Amour Propre is essential. However; humanity is not trapped within the system of Amour Propre. Humans may also use the faculty of perfectibility positively. Rousseau dismisses the importance of the distinction between natural and moral inequalities. We can draw from this that Rousseau is against the argument for the origins of the division of labour that some people are by their nature physically and mentally inferior to others. This is an argument that was also used to discredit slavery. Rousseau argues that the establishment of property and division of labour are at the root of societal inequality but he does not argue against cooperat ion. Rousseaus innovative theory on mans natural state of being led him towards the transformative concept of the general will. He states: There is often a great deal of difference between the will of all and the general will. The latter looks only to the common interest; the former considers private interest and is only a sum of private wills. But take away from these same wills the pluses and minuses that cancel each other out, and the remaining sum of the differences is the general will. (Rousseau and Cress, 155) The general will allows for the citizens in their ignorance of their place within civil society to make decisions in the interest of the greater good. Rousseau espouses a state in which the sovereign incurs freedom and equality of citizens rather than limiting them; for, the general will is utterly well intentioned. Rather than being ruled over by the sovereign, the people rule the sovereign or are the sovereign. In effect; Rousseau is proposing a system radically different than his counterparts due to his conception on the state of nature. What is the origin of Inequality? Is it due to natural law? Are people inherently inclined to subjugate one another? Rousseau answers these questions with a resounding no. He proves that it is humanitys own actions and intentions which give rise to inequality. He does not believe we are destined to behave this way. Our reason given birth through desire and fear- can be our salvation or our undoing.

Hospitality Industry

BBHM101 The Contemporary Hospitality and Tourism Industry |Duration |Level |Core / Elective |Subject Credits |Course Credits | |1 semester |Year 1 |Core |4. |BBHM: 150 | | | | | |BIHM: 199 | |Timetabled Hours |Personal Study |Total Workload |Mode of Delivery | Pre-requisites | |45 |90 |135 |Face to Face initially | | Purpose of Subject: This subject will enable the student to develop an appropriate understanding of the range and scale of the management of operations in hospitality and tourism.The students will be provided with an overview of the industries including their functions, services, and locations that make up the key characteristics of the international contemporary hospitality and tourism industry. Intended Learning Outcomes: At the conclusion of this subject the student should be able to demonstrate the following key knowledge and skills: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the global range and scale of the contemporary hospitality and tourism industry. 1.Identify the key operational management characteristics and the range of products and services contemporary hospitality and tourism provides to guests. 2. Understand the history and culture of the hospitality and tourism industries and the relevance to contemporary operations. 3. Identify the importance of the guest in developing contemporary hospitality and tourism products and services. 4. Demonstrate a fundamental understanding of the importance of the contemporary hospitality and tourism industry in terms of the financial, socio-economic and geopolitical characteristics. Indicative Content: 1.Demonstrate an understanding of the global range and scale of the contemporary hospitality and tourism industry. †¢ The scale of global hospitality and tourism industry, contribution to GDP, differences between domestic and international tourism, sources and measurement of the value of the industry. †¢ Nature of international markets, established and emerging destinations, domestic tourism, Southe ast Asia as both an outbound and emerging market. 5. Identify the key operational management characteristics and the range of products and services contemporary hospitality and tourism provides to guests. Key sectors of the industry: hotels, restaurants, resorts, attractions. †¢ Hospitality and tourism products including tangible and intangible elements, accommodation away from home, food and beverages, experiences including the concept of the service encounter. †¢ Common management characteristics including the delivery of the service on demand, managing the guest expectation. 6. Understand the history and culture of the hospitality and tourism industries and the relevance to contemporary operations. The development of the hospitality and tourism industry, the difference between travellers and tourists, provision of food and accommodation away from home †¢ The development of hotels and the relationship with the improvements in travel, from the advent of the railways through air travel, cruise liners and the importance of road travel. 7. Identify the importance of the guest in developing contemporary hospitality and tourism products and services. †¢ Basic needs of the guest, changing guest expectations by circumstances and situations. The diversity of the products and services from budget self-service operations to a full service luxury. 8. Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of the contemporary hospitality and tourism industry in terms of the financial, socio-economic and geopolitical characteristics †¢ The importance of tourism and hospitality to GDP. †¢ The socio-economic impacts of tourism and hospitality development including the cultural as well as the financial implications. †¢ The geopolitical importance of tourism in the development of emerging nations. Assessment Assessment type |When assessed |Assessment weighting |Learning outcomes | | | | |assessed | |Literature Review |Week 5 |20% |1-2 | |Review of cu rrent literature defining the range, scope and | | | | |operational characteristics of one sector of the international | | | | |hospitality industry. | | | |1000 words | | | | |Poster |Week 12 |30% |3-5 | |A group prepared poster for display and discussion at a plenary | | | | |session highlighting one social or economic aspect of the | | | | |hospitality sector as seen from a guest perspective. | | | |Equivalent 1500 words | | | | |Examination |On completion |50% |1-5 | |Equivalent 2000 words | | | | Prescribed and Recommended Readings and Additional Resources Prescribed: Reisinger Y, (2009), International Tourism – Cultures and Behaviour, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK Brotherton, Bob. (2003) The International Hospitality Industry; Structure, Characteristics and Issues, Cassell.Recommended: Chadwick S & Beech JG, (2006), Business of Tourism Management, Prentice Hall/Financial Times, Essex. Cochrane J edt. , (2008), Asian Tourism- Growth & Change, Elsevier, UK. Dredge D & Jenkins J, (2007), Tourism Planning and Policy, John Wiley, QLD. Edgell D & Edgell Sr, DL, (2006), Managing Sustainable Tourism: A Legacy for the Future, Haworth Hospitality Press, New York. Edgell DR et al,( 2008), Tourism Policy and Planning, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Glaesser D, (2006), Crisis Management in the Tourism Industry, 2nd edn, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Holden A, (2008), Environment and Tourism, 2nd edn, Routledge London. Hsu, C. Killon, L, Brown, G, Gross, M and Huang, S. (2008). Tourism Marketing: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Milton, Queensland: Wiley. Jones, P. ; Lockwood, A. (2002) The Management of Hotel Operations, London: Thomson. Lashley, C. ; Morrison, A. (2000) In Search of Hospitality; Theoretical Perspectives and Debates, Butterworth-Heinemann. Laws, Eric. (2004) Improving Tourism and Hospitality Services, Wallingford: CABI Publishing. Morrison, Alison; Rimmington, M. ; Williams, C. (1998) Entrepreneurship in the Hospitality, Tourism an d Leisure Industries, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Electronic Resources: IOH Electronic Resources – See Supplementary information http://www. hotelchange. com

Globalisation Pros and Cons

|[pic] |UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA | | |Assignment Cover Sheet – External | [pic] An Assignment cover sheet needs to be included with each assignment. Please complete all details clearly. Please check your Course Information Booklet or contact your School Office for assignment submission locations. ADDRESS DETAILS: Full name: |Stephen Andruchowycz | |Address: |25 Northumberland Street Tusmore | | | |Postcode: |5065 | If you are submitting the assignment on paper, please staple this sheet to the front of each assignment. If you are submitting the assignment online, please ensure this cover sheet is included at the start of your document. (This is preferable to a separate attachment. ) Student ID | |Course code and title: BUSS 5300 – Global Business Environment | |School: International Graduate School of Business |Program Code: DGMK | |Course Coordinator: You-il Lee |Tutor: You-il Lee | |Assignment number: 2 |Due date: 10 / 5 / 10 | |Assignment topic as stated in Course Information Booklet:Assessment 2: Individual Report | Further Information: (e. g. state if extension was granted and attach evidence of approval, Revised Submission Date) |   | I declare that the work contained in this assignment is my own, except where acknowledgement of sources is made. I authorise the University to test any work submitted by me, using text comparison software, for instances of plagiarism. I understand this will involve the University or its contractor copying my work and storing it on a database to be used in future to test work submitted by others. I understand that I can obtain further information on this matter at http://www. unisa. edu. au/ltu/students/study/integrity. asp Note: The attachment of this statement on any electronically submitted assignments will be deemed to have the same authority as a signed statement. |Signed: Stephen Andruchowycz |Date:9/5/10 | Date received from student |Assessment/grade |Assessed by: | | | | | | | | | |Recorded: |Dispatched (if applicable): | Globalisation is a force which brings an array of benefits and costs on a global scale, with developing countries generally bearing the majority of these costs. This essay will argue that while many of the benefits of lobalisation are felt around the globe, they are m ore beneficial to developed countries than third world countries. Likewise the negative consequences of globalisation are felt more heavily in third world countries than in developed countries. These benefits and cost are incurred on economic, political and socio-cultural levels. Many see globalisation as a primarily economic phenomenon, involving the increasing interaction, or integration, of national economic systems through the growth of international trade, investment, and capital flows. (Kirdar, 1992, p. 6) However, one can also point to a rapid increase in cross-border social, cultural, and technological exchange as part of the phenomenon of globalisation. Whether people fear globalisation or not, they cannot escape it. It is driven, above all, by the extraordinary changes in technology in recent years – especially computer and communications technology. For a society to achieve, it must use this technology to its advantage. To be able to do that, it must be globally engaged. As Alexander Downer said in his speech on harnessing globalisation power, â€Å"globalisation is an irreversible trend, it is not something that should be viewed as a juggernaut bearing down on the lives of ordinary Australians. † (Downer, 1998) The effects of such a phenomenon are widespread and felt in different ways by developed and developing countries There are many economic effects that result from globalisation that affect all nations on a global scale. Free trade is a phenomenon closely tied with globalisation. Countries remove their trade barriers, such as tariffs, so that all countries can begin to specialise in their most efficient production areas, resulting in maximum profit through global trade. Among the major industrial economies, sometimes referred to as the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 65 percent of the total economic production, or GDP, is associated with international trade. Economists project that, in the U. S. , more than 50 percent of the new jobs created in this decade will be directly linked to the global economy. (Hopkins, 2002, p. 56). Certainly these figures show that globalisation is a major benefit to developed countries, but in many third world countries, it is argued that though jobs are being created, agricultural, subsistence jobs are being wiped out and replaced with ‘dollar per day’ multinational corporations, and further, that such corporations are merely widening the gap between the rich and poor. Critics of globalisation argue that despite the supposed benefits associated with free trade and investment, over the past hundred years or so the gap between the rich and poor nations of the world has gotten wider. In 1870, the average income per capita in the world's 17 richest nations was 2. 4 times that of all other countries. In 1990, the same group was 4. 5 times as rich as the rest. Hill, 2010, p. 31) By the late 1990’s the fifth of the world’s people living in the highest income countries had 86% of world GDP, 82% of world export markets, 68% of foreign direct investment, and 74% of world telephone lines. The bottom fifth of the world’s people earned 1% for the first three categories and 1. 5% respectively. (Waters, 2002, pp. 3-4) Of course we must be wary that there are exceptions to this trend. China’s opening to world trade has bought it growth in income from $1460 a head in 1980 to almost $4500 in 2005, and in 1980, American’s earned 12. 5 times as much as the Chinese per capita, by 1999, they were only earning 7. times as much. (Evans, 2001, p. 80). Nonetheless there appear to be strong forces for stagnation among the world's poorest nations as a result of globalisation. A quarter of the countries with GDP per capita of less than $1,000 in 1960 had growth rates of less than zero from 1960 to 1995, and a third have growth rates of less than 0. 05 percent. (Hill, 2009, p. 31) Market failure is another major issue that is common in western economies, and impacts on other countries rather than themselves. Market failure is when thos e who are producing or consuming goods or services do not have to bear the full costs of their actions, such as the cost of pollution. Free trade encourages firms from advanced nations to move manufacturing facilities to less developed countries that lack adequate regulations to protect labour and the environment from abuse by the unscrupulous. (Dowling, Hill and Lieche, 2009, p. 31) This effectively means that transnational corporations are able to pollute third world nations and destroy their environment with minimal or no cost. Attempts to stem global pollution have been implemented such as the Kyoto Protocol, which sets binding emission targets for developed countries (Horton and Patapan, 2004, p. 86) but nonetheless, the majority of developed countries impact on developing countries in this way to some extent. In this regard it can again be seen that the benefits of globalisation on an economic level are skewed in favour of developed countries. However, this does not mean under-developed countries do not benefit at all. Another issue that arises for developing countries is that falling trade barriers allow firms to move manufacturing activities to countries where the wage rates are much lower. For example, Harwood Industries, a US clothing manufacturer closed its US Operations which paid wages of $9 per hour and shifted manufacturing to Honduras where textile workers received 48 cents per hour (Hill, 2009, p. 27) The majority of developing countries continue to experience falling levels of average income. Globally, from the late 1970s to the late 1990s, the average income of the lowest-income families fell by over 6 percent. By contrast, the average real income of the highest-income fifth of families increased by over 30 percent. (Hill, 2009, p. 28) However, it has been argued that while people in developed countries may regard this situation as exploitation, for many people in the developing world, working in a factory is a far better option than staying down on the farm and growing rice. (Stiglitz, 2002, p. 4) Nonetheless, it is a clear case of where the benefits of globalisation for developed countries far outweigh those that arise for developing countries. In fact the only clear indicator that suggests developing countries are benefitting from globalisation more-so than developed countries is in regards to their quality of life. There is evidence which shows that a number of developing countries have benefited from globalisation, and this is supported by quality of life statistics. Through globalisation, many people in the world now live longer than before and the standard of living is far better. Further, per capita GDP growth in the post-1980 globalisers accelerated from 1. 4 percent a year in the 1960s and 2. 9 percent a year in the 1970s to 3. 5 percent in the 1980s and 5. 0 percent in the 1990s. (Dollar and Kraay, 2001, p. 1) The non-globalising developing countries have done much worse than this, with annual growth rates falling from highs of 3. 3 percent during the 1970s to only 1. 4 percent during the 1990s. Indeed, throughout the 1990’s till today, eighteen of the twenty-four globalising developing countries have experienced growth, many of them, quite substantially. (NA, 2004, p. 236) However, the growth most have experienced is minimal in comparison the growth being experienced by developed countries. Certainly there are ways in which globalisation does bring benefits to developing countries on an economic level. However, overall it is clear that the benefits are felt more heavily in developed countries and the costs are felt more heavily in developing countries. This is much the same case when regarding the social and cultural effects of globalisation. Globalisation opens people’s lives to culture and to all its creativity – and the flow of ideas and knowledge. Although the spread of ideas and images enriches the world, there is a risk of reducing cultural concerns to protecting what can be bought and sold, neglecting community, custom and tradition. (Hirst & Thompson, 1996, p. 256) it is widely asserted, and indeed frequently taken for granted, that we live in a ‘global’ village where national cultures and boundaries are dissolving, we consume ‘global’ brands, corporations have to be competitive in a ‘global’ market place and governments have to be responsive to the needs of the ‘global’ economy. In any case, globalisation produces a tension between sameness and difference, between the universal and the particular, and between cultural homogenisation and cultural heterogenisation (Subhabrata & Linstead, 2001, p. 684) Americanisation is a major example of such cultural homogenisation, acting in many ways which destroy global culture. Globalisation has increased transmission of popular culture easily and inexpensively from the developed countries of the North throughout the world. Consequently, despite efforts of nationally-based media to develop local television, movie, and video programs, many media markets in countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are saturated with productions from the U. S. Europe and a few countries in Asia. (Tomlinson, 1999, p. 98). Local critics of this trend lament not only the resulting silencing of domestic cultural expression, but also the hegemonic reach of Western culture and the potential global homogenisation of values and cultural taste. (NA, 2005, p. 1) A report by the UN Educational, Scientific and cultural Organisation showed that the world trade in goods with cultural content almost tripled between 1980 and 1991: from 67 billion dollars to 200 billion dollars. (Akulenko, 2008, p. 1) At the core of the entertainment industry – film, music and television – there is a growing dominance of US products. The World Trade Organisation rules do not allow countries to block imports on cultural grounds, which means there is nothing standing in the way of Western culture overtaking and eradicating the cultures of developing countries. It is argued that this could mean the end of cultural diversity, and the triumph of a uni-polar culture serving the needs of transnational corporations (Tomlinson, 1999, p. 134). Clearly globalisation is benefitting developed countries by allowing them to spread their culture and influence on a global scale. However, for developing countries, their culture is in many ways being eroded and replaced with the typical Western culture. However, supporters of globalisation argue that it does not make sense to talk of a world of 6 billion people becoming a monoculture. The spread of globalisation will undoubtedly bring changes to the countries it reaches, but change is an essential part of life. It must also be noted that globalisation is not all one-way traffic. Global products are absorbed into and change western life – including such phenomena as Latinisation and Japanisation. (Hopper, 2007, p. 82) Similarly many of the arts and foods from developing cultures have become ingrained into Western society, presenting opportunities for developing countries to increase their cultural exporting. For example, curry, an Indian cuisine has become a global food eaten world-wide. However, Americanisation is a far greater cultural force which brings many benefits to Western countries. The impact of developing countries cultures is far smaller and there is the risk that Westernisation could lead to the destruction of the cultures of a number of developing countries. Another effect of globalisation is a global improvement in communications and technology. On the one hand, the electronic revolution has promoted the diversification of information as people in nearly every country are able to communicate their opinions and perspectives on issues, local and global, that impact their lives. (NA, 2005, p. ) Political groups from Chiapas to Pakistan have effectively used information technology to promote their perspectives and movements. On the other hand, this expansion of information technology has been highly uneven, creating an international â€Å"digital divide† in such things as differences in access to and skills to use the internet. (NA, 2005, p. 1) Often, access to information technology and to telephone lines in many developing countries is controlled by the state or is available only to a small minority who can afford them. (Hoogvelt A, 1997, p. 46) Thus, it can be seen that the technological benefits of globalisation are also being felt much more by developed countries than developing countries. This is the same case when regarding the effects of globalisation on a political level One of the biggest political issues surrounding globalisation, which particularly impacts on developing countries, is that many sovereign countries have lost control of their economies and that such control has shifted to more powerful countries, multinational firms, and international financial institutions. The logic of this concern suggests that national sovereignty has progressively and systematically been undermined by globalisation, leading to growing cynicism among political elites and their citizenries, especially among poor developing countries. (Pere, 2010, p. ) Critics argue that today's increasingly interdependent global economy shifts economic power away from national governments and toward supranational organisations such as the WTO, the EU and the UN. Unelected bureaucrats now impose policies of the democratically elected governments of nation-states, thereby undermining the sovereign ty of those states and limiting the nation's ability to control its own destiny. (Hill, 2009, p. 30). Globalisation has seen state power decline as transnational processes grow in scale and number. The power of TNC’s, with annual budgets greater than that of many states, and is the most visible sign of this change. As economic and political life becomes more complex, many traditional functions of state are transferred to global and regional international organisations. (Gupta, 1997, p. 6) In this environment, developing countries are losing their influence on a national and global scale towards organisations largely controlled by developed countries. In this way, it is again clear that developed countries benefit from globalisation more so than developing countries. However, if these supranational organisations turn their focus more towards aiding developing countries, a number of benefits could result. At the international level, supranational organisations such as the World Bank and IMF must pay more attention to the reality that globalisation has generated extremes of inequality of assets and income across the spectrum of developing countries. (Gupta, 1997, p. 06) International lending and grants could be more explicitly focused on cutting subsidies that benefit the rich, on encouraging and financing market-related land reform, and most importantly providing investment and policy advice for effective public education. There is also a need for developed countries of the OECD to thoroughly review their neo-mercantilist trade policies. (Pere, 2010, p. 1) There is enough empirical evidence to show that protection of agriculture and textiles discriminate against the poor of developing countries. The poor and vulnerable in developing countries could also benefit from international financing of countercyclical safety net programmes, subject to certain conditions. These would include a solid record of sound fiscal policy; the political capacity to undertake such programmes free of corruption; and a long-term fiscal capacity to service any debt that might be incurred. (Pere, 2010, p. 1) If these policies were instated, developing countries would benefit from globalisation in ways that match or exceed the political benefits that developed countries receive as a result of globalisation. Clearly globalisation is a force which brings an array of benefits and costs on a global scale. However, it is also clear that developing countries are, in many cases, bearing the majority of these costs while developed countries are feeling the majority of the benefits. While there are a number of economic, socio-cultural and political actions which could be taken to ensure developing countries benefit from globalisation to a similar extent to developed countries, as it stands, there can be no denying that globalisation is a force which favours developed countries over developing countries. Bibliography: Akulenko. E, 2008, Cultural Aspects of Globalization, Accessed 5 May 2010, < http://emiliaakulenko. wordpress. com/2008/10/22/cultural-aspects-of-globalization/> Dollar. D and Kraay. A, 2001, Trade Growth and Poverty, Accessed 5 May 2010, http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/09/dollar. htm Dowling. P, Hill. C and Liesch. D, 2009, International Business, Mc-Graw Hill, New York Downer. A, 1998, Annual Trade Lecture by the Minister for Foreign Affairs: Harnessing Globalisation's Power, Accessed 5 May 2010, Evans T, 2001, The politics of human rights: a global perspective, Pluto Press, London Gupta. S, 1997, The Political Economy of Globalization, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts Hill. C, 2009, International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace, Mc-Graw Hill International, New York Hoogvelt At, 1997, Globalisation and the Postcolonial World: The New Political Economy of Development, Macmillan Press Ltd, London Hopkins A. G. , 2002, Globalization in World History, Pimlico, London Hopper. P, 2007, Understanding Cultural Globalization, Polity Press, Cambridge Horton. K and Patapan. H, 2004, Globalisation and Equality, Routledge, London Kirdar U, 1992, Change: Threat or Opportunity: Economic Change, United Nations Publications, New York. Linstead S & Subhabrata B, 2001, Globalization, Multiculturalism and other Fictions: Colonialism for the new Millennium, RMIT University, Melbourne N. A, 2004, The Globalisation Debate, The Spinney Press, Thirroul NSW 2515, Australia N. A, 2005, Introduction to Globalization – After September 11, Social Science Research Council, Accessed 5 May 2010, Pere. G, 2010, The Positive and Negative Consequences of Globalisation, Institute for Global Dialogue, Midrand. Stiglitz, J, 2002, Globalization and its Discontents, Routledge, Allen Lane, London Tomlinson. J, 1999, Globalization and Culture, University of Chicago Press, Chicago Waters M, 2002, Globalization, 2nd Edition, Routledge, Fetter Lane, London

Poetry and Forbidden Ear E. Essay Example

Poetry and Forbidden Ear E. Essay Example Poetry and Forbidden Ear E. Paper Poetry and Forbidden Ear E. Paper Poem: Success is counted sweetest Success is counted sweetest By those who neer succeed. To comprehend a nectar Requires sorest need. Not one of all the purple Host Who took the Flag today Can tell the definition So clear of Victory As he defeateddying On whose forbidden ear The distant strains of triumph Burst agonized and clear! Emily Dickinson 1. Paraphrase: Lines 12: people with success often dont appreciate as much as losers do. Stanza 1 : A loser knows how to appreciate a moment of success because they don’t have it. Stanza 2 : Winners don’t understand success as much as the losers do they also don’t know what they can accomplish as winners. Stanza 3: The Dying solider hears the winning team celebrate over a piece of land, while for the dying solider winning would be the chance to live. 2. Structure The structure of this poem is three quatrains. 3. Meter and sound devices: A. Meter: Trimeter b. Alliteration: Success is counted sweetest As he defeated – dying He took the flag today C. Rhyme: By those who ne’er succeed; requires sorest need. On chose forbidden ear; burst agonized and clear. D. Consonance: Not one of all the purple Host Not one of all the purple Host Can tell the definition On whose forbidden ear E. Assonance: Success is counted sweetest. 4. Figures of speech: A. Metaphor: The defeated solider is compared to the ability to appreciate something you don’t have B. Paradox: Success is counted sweetest: By those who ne’er succeed To comprehend nectar: Requires sorest need. . Symbolism: â€Å"Success is counted sweetest by those who ne’er succeed† Success means everything to a loser, only he can appreciate and taste true victory. â€Å"To comprehend nectar requires sorest needs† You truly appreciate something when you don’t have it. â€Å"Not one of all the purple host, who took the flag today, can tell the definition so clear of victory† When the winning team puts their flag high they become very proud even though they didn’t really win anything. As he defeated- dying on whose forbidden ear the distant strains of triumph burst agonized and clear† No one in the winning team know the true meaning of victory as much as a dying solider hearing the team celebrate when all he wants is to live. 6. Theme: The theme is being able to appreciate something we don’t have and taking something we have for granted. 7. Mood/Tone: The tone is unemotional: the speaker is reporting what she sees but refrains from expressing sympathy or compassion. 8. Authors Intent: The Authors intent was to show human tendency of taking things for granted instead of be thankful for what we have.

Concepts of Organizational Theory and Behavior

Concepts of Organizational Theory and Behavior The success of any business unit or organization primarily relies on the nature of work force, and management systems it adopts. It is important for all managers to note that, currently the economic world is undergoing very many transformations not only monetary wise, but also in terms of work patterns and employees behavior. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Organizational Theory and Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, it is important for organizations management teams to adopt measures, which will ensure organizations maintain competent workers. This is primarily possible through adoption of policies that will ensure an organization takes care of its workers needs as they arise; hence, avoid unrests that may arise in workplaces. It is important to note here that, adoption of policies only cannot help a management team succeed, but rather these management teams must coin their under standing of an organizations assets, resources, and tools in management practices for them to succeed. This paper will discuss concepts of employee reinforcement, evolution of job design, main differences between job stress and burnout as they relate to organizational theory and behavior. Job Reinforcement It is never an easy task for organizations to meet all its employees needs; psychologically human needs are unending, hence making it impossible for organization to satisfy their employees needs. Although this is the case, an organization can adopt a variety of mechanisms, which will ensure its employees remain motivated and goal oriented. It is important to note here that, monetary remuneration contributes very little to job satisfaction. This is to say; although external motivators have a role to play when it comes to employees motivation, their contribution to performance is little. This therefore calls for adoption management mechanisms that will ensure employees always remain intrinsically motivated towards work (Moorhead and Griffin pp. 103-109). Generally, reinforcements are stimulus that makes individuals to act or behave in a certain ways, hence strengthening the re-occurrence or repetition of a certain acts. Many organizations have adopted a variety of reinforcement strategies, but there exist great variations in terms their effects as concerns work output. Reinforcement can be in form of a positive or a negative incentive; depending on the behavior exhibited by individuals. The four basic forms of reinforcement are positive and negative reinforcement, extinction and punishment (Villere and Hartman pp. 27-26).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Positive reinforcement involves the use of pleasing incentives as means of appreciating good deeds. Positive reinforcement can be in form of monetary rewards or appraisals, which will encoura ge repetition of specific behaviors. Managers use this reinforcement measure for two reasons. Firstly, they use it as a way of appreciating good performance, and secondly, as a way of showing what kind of behavior an organization desires from its employees. Positive reinforcement is one of the main strategies that organizations use to ensure its employees always remain productive. On the other hand, this strategy is an important tool for discouraging some unwanted behavior such as absenteeism or lateness. For example, in a chemical industry, for managements to reduce accidents occurring daily, they can use buffets as incentives on top of employees monthly salary. Although this method works, it is important for managers to study and understand reasons behind repetition of certain behaviors. This is because; in most cases, workers may repeat some behaviors because they know there are rewards. Verbal forms of positive reinforcement include the use of words such work well done, .congr atulation, keep up the good work (Moorhead and Griffin pp.149-156). Contrary to positive reinforcement, negative reinforcements are never desirable; hence, individuals always avoid negative them. Negative reinforcement is the act of escaping negative incentives. It is important to understand here that, negative reinforcements are means of encouraging certain behaviors considered desirable, by application of incentives that discourage undesired behavior. This mode of reinforcement works on the principle that; once individuals experience negative conditions of specific reinforcement measures they are likely to change their behaviors. For example, an employer can use this mechanism when employees’ quality of work goes down by explaining to them that customers are dissatisfied with their quality of work, hence the organization’s reputation is at stake. This like a case can make an employee to fill insecure; hence, they will avoid laziness and strive to ensure their work meets required standards. Although a good strategy, it is important for managers to include other mechanisms of ensuring this method works. In addition to negative and positive reinforcement, punishment is another common method that managers use to ensure workers stay put and goal oriented. Managers use punishment when employees exhibit certain unwanted behaviors. Generally, punishment is the use of unpleasant outcomes to ensure employees follow set standards. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Organizational Theory and Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, in situations of poor work performance, managers can use suspensions as a means of reprimanding or warning employees. Although a good way of showing the degree of a mistake, in most business scenarios it never achieves desired outcomes. The last form of reinforcement is extinction; which operates on the principle that removal of certain positive stimulus can help to eliminate undesired behaviors. Common examples used by organizations include benefit withdraws, bonuses, and other positive verbal incentives such praises. This strategy in most cases works best as compared to punishment, because employees will always feel guilty when managements appraise their fellow employees (Marcic and Daft pp. pp. 461-462). Evolution of Job Design Although incentives play a central role of ensuring workers remain in focus as pertains achievement of organizational goals, there is need to organize duties to fit employees’ competencies. This is because correct allocation of such duties is not only motivating, but also ensures there is job satisfaction among employees. Job design is the endeavor to make required changes in working conditions aimed at making work more pleasant and motivating. Noting the current changes in employees’ working patterns, it is important for managements to consider varied factors that influen ce the motivational level of employees. Job design has undergone many transformations from the traditional approaches where talent and social motives had little significance (Moorhead and Griffin pp.164-174). The earliest structure of job design was Taylor’s scientific management method, which emphasized adoption of mechanisms of making work more pleasant. In addition, scientific management emphasized the use of trainings to reduce the number of employees who could perform certain duties. Some aspects of this method for example specialization find wide application in current job scenarios, although the approach is a little bit different. For example, in the past managers could achieve job specialization through using repetition of duties, which presently has taken a different approach where talent and competence plays a role in specialization. Another common form of specialization that has undergone many transformations is job rotation. This form of job specialization helps managers to reduce stress and boredom associated with one station. In addition, when job rotation occurs in managerial position it helps managers to learn new management tricks, hence innovation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other forms of job design techniques that organizations have adopted currently include job enlargement and enrichment. Job enlargement involves provision of a variety of activities to employees; a strategy important for expanding employees potentials while reducing monotony and boredom. This strategy is very motivating because it helps employees build self-esteem and worthiness, which translates to increased revenues. In addition to provision of a variety of working activities, currently many organizations have adopted other management policies that have granted employees more freedom in terms of task performance and control. In the past managers could always follow keenly on how employees perform their duties, but presently many organizations accord employees’ personal freedoms, which has contributed greatly to increased responsibility among employees. Another common current approach to job design is the job characteristics theory. This theory uses five main characteristics: skill variety, feedback, task significance, autonomy, and task identity. Task variety involves the nature of skills that a specific job requires; autonomy determines specific levels of freedoms a job gives an individual, and feedback is concerned with a job’s reaction mechanisms on performance levels. On the other hand, task identity is concerned with the level of a job’s tangible outcome, which depends on commencement and ending of a task, whereas, task significance is primarily concerned with effects that a job has on the overall running of an organization, individual lives and immediate surrounding environments. Considering the nature of these design strategies, it is important for managers to combine them for organization to realize maximized outcomes from employees’ efforts (Moorhead and Griffin pp. 173- 192). Job Stress and Burnout Owing to the fact that everything done in business follows set time schedules, sometimes there are likelihoods of work over loads and strain. It is important to note that, most activities engaged in during normal working schedules needs a lot of physical coordination, minutiae, concentration, speed and time hence, compounding all this facts makes work tedious and strenuous leading to stress. In addition to stress associated with real work, sometimes balancing between job duties, other employees’ demands, and social life is another major cause of stress to employees. This is because at one point an organization has goals it wants its employees to fulfill, while on the other hand social life has its demands that individuals must fulfill. In this regard, stress is an adaptive mechanism used by individuals in reaction to pressing psychological and natural demands. Two main differences connected to stress are hardiness and hopefulness. Primarily, the former is concerned with individuals’ ability to manage stress, where by this group of individuals have the ability to deal with stress, hence a lways goal oriented and focused. Optimism is characteristic in individuals who see an opportunity in everything, to this group of individuals the positive aspects of life matter more that negative discouragements, hence are too always focused and goal oriented (Moorhead and Griffin pp. 221-237). Although optimism and hardiness are common adaptive mechanisms used by individuals to cope up with stress, sometimes due to many other job factors for example role demands, ambiguity, conflict can cause exhaustion, leading to a condition called burnout. Burnout is a consequence of build up stress, resulting from excessive demands to perform and deliver results. Burnout primarily results when organizational demands makes individuals to forego their social demands, hence dedicate most of their time to these demands. Because of this, most individuals in the end get fatigued, strained and aggravated, hence causing a feeling of helplessness. Although both stress and burnout are manageable, burno ut has more adverse effects on individuals than stress. This is because it is easy to notice an individual suffering from burnout than normal stress, owing to the fact that burnout has more withdrawal symptoms. In addition, although the two are related, they have clear differences in that, stress results from excessive work demands where as burnout in most cases results because individuals feel their jobs are of no significance to them. To most individuals, their lives are more crucial, hence the need to respect life demands; whose suppression leads to burnout. Another common difference is that, although individuals can sustain stress by embracing adaptive mechanisms, burnout is never adaptive, hence inmost cases it results to resignation and loss of job interest. On the other hand, it is important to note that primarily burnout is a motivational predicament, a characteristic differentiating it from stress, because stress’s main cause is work overload and not lack of motivat ion. In conclusion, for organizations to be successful in all their endeavors there is need of adopting measures that will balance organizational and employees’ demands. Villere, Maurice and Hartman, Sandra. Reinforcement theory: a practical tool. Leadership Development journal, 12(2) (1991): pp.27-33. Print. Moorhead, Gregory and Griffin, Ricky. Organizational behavior: managing people. 6th ed. London: Houghton and Mifflin Company, 2000. Print.

Describe the best tactics and techniques for message presentation, Essay

Describe the best tactics and techniques for message presentation, regardless of medium - Essay Example People spend their time reading blogs, and they end up trusting bloggers. It is important to know how to pitch a campaign to bloggers. Bloggers always require the right approach from any prospective client (Eberhart, 2012). Firstly, they require the client to formulate an exciting offer. The client should assure the blogger of some benefit from pitching the campaign on his or her blog. Secondly, the theme of the message should be simple and straight to the point. The subject should not sound as if the blog is trying to promote sales. Third, when pitching a campaign to bloggers, always bear in mind that the blog is about them. Bloggers strive to be successful, and the message ought to deliver value. Lastly, the most important point is that the pitches should always be as personal and customized as possible for a specific blogger (Townsend, 2009). Individuals should exhibit readership qualities if they are willing to identify the best blogger. An individual who has been active in reading the blogger’s work would know their recent blogs and what they prefer to write about. Such an individual would have some opinion towards the blogger’s work. A blogger should maintain a high ‘post frequency’ to be relevant and to maintain an engagement with the audience. The blogger’s relevance would be evident if his or her blogs maintain a strong social presence and receive comments, and he responds to the comments. Identifying specific blogs would entail evaluating their potential reach. A blog’s potential reach should be directly proportional to its amount of subscribers. There are numerous avenues on the internet where people can find specific blogs or bloggers to pitch their campaigns. Social media sites are the readily available and easily accessible online platforms where to search for specific blogs or bloggers. They include; Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Tumblr, Wordpress, and Linkedln Influencers. There exists a link between the presentation of the