Crime and Punishment as a Polyphonic Novel :: Crime Punishment Essays

The term polyphony was introduced into literary theory by Mikhail Bakhtin in his . The contrapuntal novel is dialogic rather than monologic this means that multiple voices can be heard, and each voice represents an election version of the truth. (NB. The use of dialogue as a formal device does not make a novel polyphonic in the Bakhtinian sense genuine polyphony entails a sense of ambivalence, a situation where the different voices compete with one another and represent alternative viewpoints between which the reader cannot make a straightforward choice.) In Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov is the main focalizer his point of view is adopted by the third-person narrator almost throughout (exceptions hold a small number of episodes involving Svidrigaylov, and the relatively impersonal first chapter of the the Epilogue). The reader is thus allowed access into Raskolnikovs inner world, and although third-person narration is used, the novel as a all in all comes close to being the central characters interior monologue. Nevertheless, there is also a strong tendency towards dialogue. This has several manifestations (1) Actual dialogues between characters are of central enormousness in shaping not only the events but also Raskolnikovs mental processes in relation to Raskolnikov, the other characters with their distinctive voices all represent alternative truths and alternative points of view. The other characters, and their ideas and values, are perceived through the prism of Raskolnikovs consciousness their voices echo in his mind, and he reacts to the ideas put forward by these external voices, often unveiling into a mental dialogue with them. (2) Raskolnikov also conducts an endless dialogue with himself (frequently addressing himself in the second person) the voice of his shrewd intellect alternates with the voice of conscience, and a lucid judgement of his situation coexists with unaccountable (even contradictory) emotional reactions. (3) The reader also has access to Raskolnikovs subconscious mind (the voice of the subconscious) in the context of his nightmarish visions (see especially chapters I5 and III6) In all, Raskolnikovs mind becomes a battlefield where a number of different internal and external voices (representing different ideas and world-views, or different facets of Raskolnikovs personality) keep vying for supremacy.

Violent Crimes and Attacks on American Campuses Essay -- Criminal Just

In the last decade, concern has grown about the number of violent crimes and attacks taking place on American campuses. The increase in spring chicken violent behavior in the United States is an insidious crisis of epidemic magnitude (Satcher, 2002). This statement demonstrates the increasing concern with youth aggression and violence. Of greater concern in recent years has been the violent and aggressive offenses seen among female students (Ness, 2004). Recently, school districts dupe been plagued by youth violence and aggression. For years, studies of aggressive behavior drive focused on the explicit, offensive, physical aggressive behaviors displayed primarily in males (Jones, 2008). However, youth violence and aggression perpetrated by adolescent girls has been on the rise in recent years (Jones, 2008). These concerns have given rise to a new body of research focused on the aggressive nature of girls. Researchers suggest that girls who engage in aggression have many other soci al and academic problems. They also suggest that relational aggression is the equivalent to physical aggression, violence, and bullying (Chesney-Lind, Morash, Irwin, 2007). With the onset of many new rules and zero-tolerance programs, students be immediately taken out of the classroom for disruptive and inappropriate behavior (Adams, 2000). This causes students to lose valuable instructional time. In turn, aggressive behavior has been linked to crucify academic outcomes, an increase in absenteeism, and lower graduation rates (Loveland, Lounsbury, Welsh, & Buboltz, 2007). Statement of the ProblemRecent research has seen an increase in female aggressiveness (Jones, 2008). very much of the research on aggression has focused on relational aggression, a form of agg... ...in, Tobin, Sprague, Sugai, & Vincent, 2004). Suspensions A disciplinary sanction that requires the student to be excluded from the school twist for a specified period of time (Christle, Nelson, & Jolivette, 2004, p. 1).Expulsions form of discipline that removes the student completely from the school system. Students have the opportunity to go through a perceive and have due process (Skiba & Sprague, 2008).Preparatory Academy program designed to offer high school students who are overage for grade the opportunity to raise their studies in order to complete high school (Henry, 2008).E-school program designed to allow students to meet the necessary requirements for high school by completing online courses aft(prenominal) school (Henry, 2008).Zero-tolerance policies that punish all offenses severely, no matter how minor the offense (Skiba & Peterson, 2000).

Ethnographic Paper :: essays papers

Ethnographic PaperThe Pleasure of PainThese days anything derriere be considered art. The structure of a building, the human body, music on the radio, love, Versacis new line of winter, and pretty transvestites walking down the street are provided a few of hundreds of thousands of examples. That kind of art is overrated. Most of these only exist because of society. As people grow and change so does the values and traditions that they are accustom to. True art hangs on the w completelys of museums all over the world. Paintings by Monet, Da Vinci, and Picasso represent all that skunk be made beautiful by a mans touch. The word tattoo comes from the Tahitian word tattau, which means to tap, and can be traced back through a part of history. The art of tattoos has been unequivocal since ancient Egypt and more than 1,500 years ago the Japanese marked criminals as a symbol of shame for their punishment (Britannica, 2000). In the nineteenth century tattoos were viewed as frightful and g rotesque, but as the twentieth century rolled by technology gave way to the trend. The electric needle created a sense of precision and control. This is how the conglomerate designs developed and tattooing became more about expression, rather than branding. It is a guarantee that tattoo and piercing artists can be found by the thousands in a metropolitan city. Their form of art may be simpler to an extent, but it has been growing in popularity for years. By using the body as a gateway for expression, people can present themselves in a new light, and as a mean for recreating their image. The concept of transferring art on paper to the body for the mere purpose of self-pleasure is attracting all types of people. It is impossible to walk through a mall without spotting people of all ages with this type of branding. Young adults have accepted this practice as a normal part of their culture. You cant escape it. Says Walter Hewitt, who recently completed a 19-school study on tat toos and piercing (Vogel, 2000). There are big ones, wasted ones, tasteful ones, tacky ones, and probably some temporary ones, and because tattooing is forever and also carries a mental heath risk known as regret, the decision to nurture one shouldnt be taken lightly. The customer is very vulnerable when entering a tattoo and piercing parlor, because all their trust for a rock-steady product is put in the hands of the artist.

Cathedral by Raymond Carver Essay -- Raymond Carver

Cathedral A Lesson for the Ages Raymond Carvers short story, Cathedral, portrays a story in which gentlemans gentle many an(prenominal) in immediatelys society can relate. We argon introduced from the first sentence of the story to a man that seems to be perturbed and agitated. As readers, we are initially unsure to the reasonings behind the mans discomfort. The man, who seems to be a direct portrayal of Raymond Carver himself, shows his ignorance by stereotyping a craft man by the stool of Robert, who has come to stay with he and his wife. From the sincerely beginning, Carver shows his detest for Robert but over the course of the story eases into comfort with him and in the end is taught a lesson from the very wholeness he despised. The story begins with a description of the relations between he, his wife and Robert. It is unveiled that Robert employed Raymond Carvers wife, whose name is never stated, ten years previous by having her read reports and case studies to him sin ce his blindness would not permit him to do it himself. She hadnt seen him since those days but she and the blind man kept in touch. They mailed tapes and sent them back and forth. (506) The story also is set up by briefly describing Carvers wifes past relations with her first husband. Their past marital troubles seem to be a main basis for the wifes and Roberts extended contact. afterward this background history, the story then jumps into the present with the Blind man on his way to stay for a night. The blind man is invited to stay with the Carvers by Raymonds wife for he has just been through the decease of his own wife and is now alone. Even this being the case, Raymond Carvers antagonism for the blind man is evident from the first paragraph on. I wasnt enthusiastic about his visit. He was no one I knew. And his being blind bothered me. (506) Carvers distaste for Robert is blatantly apparent even subsequent to his arrival at their home. It also becomes quite clear that his wi fe disapproves of his place toward Robert and fails to see how he could be so self-centered. My wife finally took her eyes off the blind man and looked at me. I had the feeling she didnt worry what she saw. I shrugged (509) The other emotion highly present from the beginning is that of the attitude of Robert. We are introduced to what appears to be a quick witted and pleasant man, especially considering the recent death of his wi... ... point the strong change in interaction between the two characters. The blind man diligently places his hand on that of Carver and they draw, together. The two are intently drawing the cathedral when Robert asks Carver to keep drawing but with his eyes closed too. He obeys and continues this is the climax of the story for Carver now briefly gets a glimpse of what it is like to live with the ailment of blindness. He is temporarily awed at the feeling for it is one he has obviously never experienced. It really something, he says (515) Although it too k this lesson, Carver now seems to understand, even if only for a fleeting moment, his own prejudice and feels compassionate with Robert. He begins the story with a quick assessment but ends with a lesson that we can all learn from. The two gentlemen appear seemingly different and in the beginning but learn form one another and in the end grow to indeed appreciate one another. It seems ironic though that although Robert rendered the physical ailment, we see Carver too was blind to many things. Works CitedCarver, Raymond. Cathedral. The Harper Anthology of Fiction Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York Harper Collins Publishers, 1991.

Loyalty and Trust in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Es

huckleberry Finn Loyalty and Trust Huckleberry Finn does not address questions of law as directly as the former(a) novels that we have read. Ostensibly, Huck is torn between disobeying the slavery laws and honoring his conscious. However, Huck shows a fail for other laws throughout the story, so I trust that his contrast stems not from a belief that one must obey the law because it is the law, or on a social contract theory. Huck is never excessively concerned with the truth or the norms of society, he adheres to the mores of society because of the consequences as opposed to any fundamental acceptance of them or authority. Unlike Billy Budd, however, Huck does not seem to be influenced by the fear of corporal punishment, as much as he is concerned with the social consequences that would result if his disobedience was discovered. The choice that Huck eventually makes is deeper than just choosing to accept the social consequences, he is willing to go to hell for Jim , rather than betray the loyalty and trust that has grown between them. I think that Mark gallus choose an excellent vehicle for the insertation of a sharp, social satire. By letting Huck tell the story, Twain was free to present the ignorance underscoring the mores that were passed onto to children. Huck interprets the world literally, which starkly contrasts with the romanticism of Tom Sawyer and spiritualism of the widows. Hucks literalism also allows him more leeway than a third-person narrator can have. Mark Twain could have presented his criticisms in an essay, or a more sensational, fictional novel however, he has chosen the most powerful form because the realism of th... ...ppears, because it is possible that Toms disregard was not based on unintentional, ignorance but rather was intentional and selfish. I will have to re-read Tom Sawyer to consider that question, I remember that was my determine the very first time I read the book because I did not read T om Sawyer first. I think I changed my top dog upon learning that Tom was such a well-known and beloved character, I did not think the audience would accept it. However, today, I am not sealed why I thought the audiences expected acceptance/rejection is indicative of the authors intent. Twain was very dark in his later years, and his use of the dialects, inclusion of the (arrogant, taunting?) comment/explanation (challenge?) and his biting satiric tone indicate that he would not feel constrained by the audiences expectations, and might seek to shock them.

Loyalty and Trust in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Es

huckabackleberry Finn Loyalty and Trust Huckleberry Finn does not address questions of law as directly as the other novels that we nurse read. Ostensibly, Huck is torn between disobeying the sla truly laws and honoring his conscious. However, Huck shows a disregard for other laws throughout the story, so I think that his conflict stems not from a belief that one must obey the law because it is the law, or on a social contract theory. Huck is never overly come to with the truth or the norms of society, he adheres to the mores of society because of the consequences as opposed to any fundamental acceptance of them or authority. Unlike Billy Budd, however, Huck does not seem to be influenced by the fear of corporal punishment, as much as he is concerned with the social consequences that would result if his disobedience was discovered. The choice that Huck in conclusion makes is deeper than just choosing to accept the social consequences, he is willing to go to hell f or Jim, rather than betray the loyalty and trust that has grown between them. I think that give chase Twain choose an excellent vehicle for the presentation of a sharp, social satire. By letting Huck tell the story, Twain was free to present the ignorance underscoring the mores that were passed onto to children. Huck interprets the world literally, which starkly contrasts with the romanticism of Tom Sawyer and spiritualism of the widows. Hucks literalism also allows him more leeway than a third-person narrator can take hold. Mark Twain could have presented his criticisms in an essay, or a more sensational, fictional novel however, he has chosen the most powerful form because the realism of th... ...ppears, because it is possible that Toms disregard was not based on unintentional, ignorance but rather was intentional and selfish. I will have to re-read Tom Sawyer to consider that question, I remember that was my view the very first time I read the book because I did not read Tom Sawyer first. I think I changed my mind upon education that Tom was such a well-known and beloved character, I did not think the audience would accept it. However, today, I am not sure why I thought the audiences expected acceptance/rejection is indicative of the authors intent. Twain was very dark in his later years, and his use of the dialects, inclusion of the (arrogant, taunting?) notice/ translation (challenge?) and his biting satiric tone indicate that he would not feel constrained by the audiences expectations, and might seek to shock them.

Difficulties of Parenting Essay

two day thousands and thousands of adults around the world experience the happiness and ch tout ensembleenges of becoming freshly parents. Every generation goes through the period of having to raise its children to adulthood. Even though parenthood has a great brood of positive points for the mother and father, it is probably the most tricky task that they will take on in their lives. Being a good parent requires a great deal of effort in numerous different areas throughout a childs life, and being able to successfully manage all(prenominal) those areas is what makes parenthood so demanding.The actual process of physically raising an infant is probably the most difficult task for a parent. When a child is born, it is completely helpless and needs constant attention to all its needs. Parents must constantly feed it, clean it, and al federal agencys pay constant attention to their new child since it is completely dependent on them. Finding the mature foods, cloths, and other ne cessary items such(prenominal) as diapers and baby bottles might look easy, but they are quite difficult and require a great deal of time and attention. Picking the wrong baby formula domiciliate cause a baby to sterilise sick, and point outing the correct size for baby cloths can be quite difficult. Also, since there are more different variations and brands for everything babies need, parents will usually find it hard to decide what the right product is for their child. For example, finding the better car seat for a baby becomes a big challenge when the parents must choose between at least twenty similar brands.As the child grows up, new challenges are created for the parents. One of the most important parts of raising a child is to teach it morals and discipline. Many times parents find it difficult to decide when and how to teach a child a certain thing. For example, parents must show that lying and cheating are not good, but many are unable to explain the negative results o f these actions. Also, many families have environments where children see their parents doing many of the bad things that they showed their children to be wrong. Therefore, another difficult task for parents is to create a positive home setting that is based on what they teach their children. Also, parents must find a way to discipline their children without causing fear in them. both(prenominal) children are more difficult that others for teaching discipline, but parents must be careful not to be too forceful with them but, at thesame time, be able to gain their full respect.The many stresses of raising a child can have a strong impact on the parents through the years, and acquisition to adjust to the new stresses of life is quite important but difficult for parents to do. Financially, the cost of living becomes much higher for the parents, and they realize that they must find new ways to adjust their lives in order to make ends meet. They will eventually have to give up on many things that they used to do such as going to expensive reprieveaurants and yearly trips out of town. Parents always want the best for their children and many times must find ways to help their children get over the many hurdles such as school work, peer pressure, and other things that may cause a child to lose its confidence. In this way parents go through the same stresses that their children go through, and the long years of continuous stress will have a lasting effect on the parents.Finally, 1 of the more difficult realities that parents face is the loss of their freedom and free time. They realize that the daily walks together become more and more difficult. They will have a lot fewer romantic dinners together. Instead, they will be spending more time at home with the children or, at best, in a family restaurant with the rest of the families with children. At first, accepting this reality will be a difficult task for the parents. As time goes by, they adapt to the new environm ent. However, many men and women go through periods of depression in their late 30s and 40s due to the fact that they feel like they have lost a big portion of their younger times raising their children and are no longer able to enjoy life as they did before. It is another sacrifice that all parents make for their children.Clearly, having children and raising them to the best of their abilities are goal of most parents. However, accomplishing this goal is probably the most difficult challenge of their lives. It takes a great deal of energy, both physically and emotionally, to turn an infant into an adult, and it all comes at a big cost and sacrifice for the parents. As they raise their children, parents learn as much as their children about life. In a way, they grow with their children in their own ways through the good and the oftendifficult times.

Benefits of Video Games

Whenever a new technology surfaces into the modern world, there will always be debates on the effects they bring to individuals and to the confederacy in general. Though exposure games ar hardly new, there have always been arguments whether the images they show have a huge harmful impact to nation since video games are frequently associated with violence. So often people only see the negative side of what video games bring that we disregard the advantages they give.Children may be often pleaded by their parents to do anything rather than vie games. This may be because parents do not pay attention to the benefits we can acquire from video games. When playing video games, certain skills and abilities develop. Our body parts, specifically the reach and eyes, are required to work together for we perform various commands on the controller by our hands depending on what we see on the screen. Thus, it results to the enhancement of our hand-eye coordination.Video games require critica l thinking. A gamer must not only memorize information but also analyze, conceptualize, and deduce data gathered from the virtual environment. One key to complete a game is to study patterns and to use it into ones advantage. This vital skill is utilize when creating strategies, tackling problems and making decisions. Most games involve quick reaction time and split-second decisions that can mean virtual life and death. Video games enhance peoples decision-making skills.Virtual realness is like a practice field for gamers to improve their cognitive ability, for them to be ready in the real world. With this, people are more likely to conclude correctly, quickly, and accordingly depending on the situation. Gamers are often stereotyped as people sitting in front of a screen for long hours and are dulled in social interactions. But video games often encourage players to interact with other players from around the world, with the benefactor of the internet, and work together to acc omplish tasks.This can help build social relationships and enhance peoples socialization skills. Some games objective is to become victorious above others. It gives a sense of competition and cockiness to win a battle. When one loses, his willingness to win intensifies the next time around. Video games stimulate people to do better and achieve the best. Video games are games. They are created with the intention to give pleasure and enjoyment to whomever they may serve. They accompany us when we are lonely and depressed. They help us pass time when we have zip to do.They give us a taste of admirable graphics design and creativity. They offer some benefits like those of what outdoor activities give. Nothing is wrong with playing video games. But excessive hours of playing will bring anyone no good. It is necessary to keep things in moderation. The next time your parents tell you that video games will only make you violent, inform them thoroughly what good things you can acquire from playing. You can even invite them to play with you. Who knows? It could be the solution for their stress and depression.

Passing: Black People and Hold Clare Essay

People as the victim of inequality and social restriction ( ephemeral_Nella Larsen) The novel Passing was written in 1929 and become star of the most famous novels of Nella Larsen. Like other novels which were in addition written ab kayoed passing, Passing of Nella Larsen reflects the tough animation of African-American in the 19th century, when they were struggling with racism to have the equal rights. Clare Kendry and Irene Redfield in Passing both were born Negroes nevertheless with light skin so that they could be passing.However, these two women have different choices in their life, which lead to the tragedy when they meet each other after twelve years. The novel ends with Clares death without revealing to the readers who kills her, which encourages the readers to think of the uncertain end of Passing by logically insureing evidence throughout of the novel. By that way, Nella Larsen ability want her readers to be open-minded to understand how people become the victim of in equality and social restriction in term of race and gender.Ending her novel in uncertainty, Nella Larsen makes her readers queer virtually who is responsible for Clares death. The two possible things might happen are whether Clare commits suicide or Irene pushes her out of the window. Clare has her reasons to commit suicide since her husband finds out that she was born a Negro. For him, all Negroes are black scrimy devils and always robbing and killing people (70). These prejudices exist not only in Jacks mind but besides among many bloodless people. These cruel prejudices and discrimination had threatened Clares marriage for a long time before her death.Clare might be always ready for the day that the truth about her race would take everything from her. When Irene asked her whether she ideal of how she could do if her husband finds out about her race, she just verbalise yes with a grimace. And at the moment Clare stands near the window, she seemed unaware of danger or uncari ng. There was even a faint smile on her full, red lips, and in her shining eyes (209). When Clare takes a risk by joining the Negroes partnership, she might prepare for that day, for her death.However, there are also evidences for the possibility that Irene kills Clare. First, she has the motivation. In Irenes mind, Clare is one(a) who not only that she wanted to have her cake and eat it too, but that she wanted to nibble at the cakes of other folk as well (88). in front seeing Clare, Irenes life keeps going on under her control a family with a doctor husband and two kids, living in Negroes community But Clare comes and raises the fear inside Irene that Clare and Brian, Irenes husband, might have an affair.Although Irene doesnt have any clear proofs for what she suspect, but she can feel it through the ever-changing in attitude of Brian For a minute, Irene hesitated, then turned her head, though she knew what it was the held Hughs gaze. Clare, who had suddenly clouded all her day s. Brian, the father of Ted and Juniorthen she saw him smile, and the smile made his face all eager, and shining. (169-170). Secondly, the readers can realize how the presence of Clare makes Irene suffers It hurt. It hurt like hellShe was very tired of Clare Kendry.She wanted to be free of her. (174-179). The readers also has reason to suspect Irene since she already think of how to get dislodge of Clare before Clares death If Clare should dieTo think, yes, to wish thatthe thought stayed with her. She could not get rid of it(187). In the party, before Clare falls out from the window, Irene is the one who open it despite of the cold outside. The image of Irene watching the tiny spark drop slowly to the white ground makes the readers relates to the falling down of Clare after that (207).At the moment that Clare stands at the window, Irene laid a hand on Clares bare arm. One thought possessed her. She couldnt have Clare Kendry cast aside by Bellew. She couldnt have her free(209). And watching Clare falls out from the window, Irene wasnt sorry. She was amazed(210). Irenes thought and attitude towards Clare at the moment she falls out from the window proved that Irene, whether responsible for Clares death or not, wants Clare to die. Therefore, the readers can suspect that Irene is the one who push Clare out of the window, leading to Clares death.Despite of many clues support for the possibility that Irene kills Clare, the author doesnt want an obvious end for her novel. She keeps questioning her readers about how much they could trust what they see. Throughout the novel, Nella Larsen expresses her attitude in ridicule of white peoples blindness when they discriminate black people without knowing who they in truth are. Jack, a racist, marries a Negro woman because he believes in what he sees. Many people witness Clares death but nobody could be sure about what they saw. They even suspect Jack since he is the only white people there.By ending the novel in uncertain ty, Nella Larsen questions her readers about how they interpret and understand who or what pushes people to death. If there is no racism, Clare would not commit suicide, and Jack wouldnt be suspected just because he is white. Therefore, the most amusing person would be Irene. If Irene doesnt have any pressure about keeping her life as it must be according to social norms, she wouldnt have motivation to kill Clare since she doesnt love Brian She couldnt now be sure that she had ever truly known love.Not even for Brian she quiet intended to hold fast to the outer shell of her marriage, to keep her life fixed, certain (201). The image of Irene put her hand on Clares bare coat of arms before Clare falling out of the window stand for for the struggling inside Irene. Irene plays the role of one who could help Clare come back to her community, but she also puts Clare in risk by not telling Clare about Jack seeing Irene with a black woman. Before Clare died, Irene must be the one hold C lare back, but she is also suspicious for killing Irene.The truth isnt always revealed in what we see, but also in how we interpret what we know about it, which depends much on our attitude toward it. Nella Larsen let her readers have their own way to think of this uncertain end in order to question their beliefs and their values. This uncertain end of Passing also like the uncertainty of peoples life under various pressures comes from social restriction such as race and gender. Clares death symbolize for people as the victim of inequality and social restriction.

Europe Africa And The Americas In 1492 To 1750 Essay

Through a centering history, many changes have happened throughout the world. These changes shaped the world to be what is it was and also lead to other changes. For example, advances in technology, much(prenominal) as the creation of the magnetic compass, drastically changed exploration. However, these changes these changes did not occur without continuities. Take the bow for example, whether being used to hunt, wield in battled, or just to face skill, man has been using the bow for decades since the first bows were crafted. The years of 1492 to 1750 was a period of great change in Western Europe, Africa, and the the Statess that resulted in changes in economy, homogeneous the introductions of overbold trade streets, along with changes in society such as changes in demography, which were especially relevant in the Americas. With all of these changes also existed continuities such as, in call of economic continuities, the rich were still employing slave task in order to produc e materials for trade and desire of the Spanish to convince people to Christianity in regards to mixer remained.In the years of 1492 through 1750, many questionable choices and things occurred due to the use of new trade routes that both(prenominal) furthered and damaged the economy in different regions of the world, in the first place Western Europe. The triangle trade was one of the most notable of these trade routes considering that it lead to so many things that affected the world because it was a trade route that connected Europe to Africa to the Americas. This trade route would be a major cause of economic change on the world because of its use to trade slaves, newfangled material produced in the Americas by those slaves, and along with silver from the mines of the Americas which were shipped to Western Europe.The silver at first was an undeniable positive for Western Europe much like the export of raw materials from the colonies in the Americas. This export of materials was a great advantage to the mother countries because it means the mother countries could dedicate their land and time to other issues. furthermore this leaves having to import theses raw materials from other countries thus giving the other counties more money which in turn gives them more power, having to pay taxes to trade route controllers, and it cuts out and political disputes that had a chance of occurring. The trade of silver on the other hand was far more controversial.At first it was a big inflate to Spains economy because of how valued silver was at this time. However, that all changed when the value of silver drastically dropped due to inflation. This caused Spain economic problems because it gave them a false sense of protection when they spent money fighting too many wars, money that they would no longer have. Both of the silver and raw material shipped to Western Europe from the America was mined and produced by slaves sold by Africa to the Europeans which lead to growth in Africas economy but a drop in its population and the way of life of Africans.Along with the arrival of the Europeans on the Americas, the trade of these slaves itself, caused changes in Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Of course Europe benefited economically but more prevalently was its effect on the demography of both the Americas and Africa. The Americas culture and population were two main effects of the trade of slaves. With the decreasing population and life expectancy of the natives of the Americas thanks to the diseases brought by the Europeans because they had no immunity, the trade of slaves slowed the rate a small amount because coming from Africa they already have some immunity to disease.The African slaves crossbred with the Europeans as well as the natives which led to the diversification of the population. This introduced creoles and mestizos social classes caused differences in the social ladder with europeos at the top, under them were the creoles, below t he were the mestizos, next the Native Americans, then the free blacks, and the slaves at the bottom. In Africa the way of life and population was drastically changed due to slave trappers and traders. Families were ripped apart and the population was decreasing as Africans were being sold as slaves to the EuropeansSlavery traces as far back as Ancient Greece and as continued all the way up to, and through the years of 1492 and 1750. They were still used for chores and for hard job because they were cheap and replaceable. Rights and conditions of the slaves also did not change they had no freedom, no rights, and no say, because they were still considered property by the Spanish and Portuguese. The Spanish and Portuguese bought and used slaves in fields and mines of the Americas with the majority of the slaves going toBrazil, a Portuguese colony. They used slaves rather than hiring workers or doing the work themselves because for the same reason the Ancient Greek did it it was cheap, easy, and they were replaceable. Slave labor continued throughout these years and even continued on past the year 1750.Another continuity of the years of 1492 and 1750 was the Spanishs desire to convert the barbaric natives of the Americas to proper men of the Christian Faith. Some welcomed Christianity while some rejected it due to their comfort and contentment with their own religion and beliefs. The natives had previously just a polytheistic with human sacrifices, cannibalism, and rituals which was savage and barbaric to the Spanish. This caused the Spanish to forcibly convert the natives to Christianity with disregard of what the natives wanted. This was done by taking people including children from the Americas away and pedagogy them the ways of Christianity and sending them back to spread those ideas to others.The years of 1492 to 1750 held some big changes economically and socially to Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Economically, all three benefited excluding Wes tern Europe when the inflation of silver hit. Socially, the demography of Africa was altered and the Americas drastically. Yet, not everything changed during this time period. Much of history remained constant during the period too. This included the use of slave labor in regards to economics and the Spanish desire to spread Christianity throughout the world.

Propaganda Throughout History

Propaganda has existed as a method of communication for a long time. It was origin exclusivelyy a neutral term used to attain the dissemination of in brass in favor of any given cause. The redefinition implying its now negative connation arose because of the Soviet spousal relationship and national socialist Germanys admitted use of propaganda favoring communism and fascism respectively, in all forms of their open expression. Propaganda under this connation calm exists, however its evolution over the centuries has ensured its survival in the most unassuming ways.This paper will highlight the definitions of propaganda, the uses of propaganda in history through religion, Nazi Germany and the Cold war its reappearance after the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the 1995 Canadian referendum, evolution into advertising and how troupe today has locomote almost indifferent to it. What is Propaganda? Traditional propaganda is defined as a systematic manipulation of public opinion, generally through the use of symbols, monuments, speeches and publications.Todays modern propaganda is baronial from other forms of communication in that it is consciously and deliberately used to influence group attitudes with all other communication functions being secondary. Therefore, almost any render to sway public opinion, including lobbying, commercial advertising and even missionary work, can be broadly interpreted as propaganda. However propaganda, more often than not, is associated with political situations referring to efforts by regimens and political groups.Propaganda itself can be categorized as White, Gray, or Black, depending on the accuracy of information and where source is credited if its credited at all White propaganda is defined as coming from a source that is identified correctly and contains information that tends to be accurate much(prenominal) as subject field pride messages. A message considered Black propaganda when the source is concealed or credited to a f alse authority, and stretchs lies, fabrications and deceptions. Gray propaganda falls nearlywhere between these both forms as the source may or may not be correctly identified, and the accuracy of the information is uncertain.Ultimately though, the success or failure of any propaganda depends on the receivers willingness to accept the credibility of the source and the content of the message. Religious Propaganda The first use of propaganda is credited to the Catholic Church with their creation of sainthood which was created to influence opinions and beliefs on religious issues. From the fourth century onwards, the church launched an immense propaganda campaign aimed at communicating the character, powers and importance of saints as a method of keeping the loyalty of their breathing followers and as a tactic to gain new ones.The Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of Faith was responsible for the campaign in spreading this message. through with(predicate) their monasteries, the church was able to tar halt emperors, kings and upper noblemen with the message of the saints. Once the church had the buy-in of rulers, the reputations of these saints were given more validity to the general population and their shrines became protected as inviolate places. It should be noted that during this period very few people outside the church were literate in that respectby making authentication of any information difficult.In dictate to spread the message of the saints, the church used relied on oral messaging and stories told through images such as in the stained glass seen today in cathedrals. For the average person, the church carried absolute authority as it was considered to be the leading source of knowledge. With this power, the church was easily able to bring their saints to life, so to speak. duration the propaganda of saints was to begin with intended as a missionary tool, their allowing successes strengthen a variety of religious objectives.Saints helpe d reestablish the monastic movement after a period of crisis by generating funds to complete cathedrals and gave the church a major tool for controlling popular religious trends. They also fueled the enthusiasm for the Spanish crusade which is an sharp example of one of the churchs most immediate successful propagandistic campaign with its mission of bringing all together in Christendom. Spurred on by the words of Pope Urban II that Muslims had conquered Jerusalem, the Crusaders mission was to recapture the Holy Land and they dedicated their lives to this in return for the omen of redemption.Nazi Germany During the twentieth century, the arrival of radio and television enabled propagandists to reach more people than before. In addition to the development of these modern medias, warf atomic number 18 and political movements had also contributed to the increment importance of propaganda in the 20th century. Of all the propaganda artists throughout history, no one is better known th an Adolf Hitler. During his rein in Nazi Germany, he saturated schools, government and every part of Germans daily lives with propaganda.His keen and sinister insight into mass psychology contributed to Nazi Germany being noted for its psychologically respectable propaganda much of which was centered on the Jews who were made the scapegoats for Germanys economic woes. Hitler was as a gifted speaker who, as history shows, captivated the masses with his beating of the soapbox and growling, emotional speeches. Authentic as they may have seemed, these speeches were full of propaganda and rhetoric which he used to appeal to the economic need of the lower and middle classes, season sounding resonant chords of nationalism, anti-Semitism and anti-communism.Threatened by hyperinflation, political chaos and a possible Communist takeover, Hitler, offered Germans scapegoats and solutions. To the economically depressed he promised to despoil Jew financiers and to workers he promised security . He gained the financial support of bankers and industrialists with his hostility towards Communism and promises to control trade unionism. Shortly after coming to power, Hitlers Third Reich established the Ministry of Propaganda, whose aim was to ensure the Nazi message was successfully communicated through art, music, theater, films, gives, radio, educational materials and the media.Films in particular played an important role in disseminating racial Anti-Semitism, portraying Jews as subhuman creatures infiltrating an Indo-European society. The Ministry successfully censored and/or eliminated any viewpoint it felt posed a threat to Nazi beliefs or to the regime leaving only the propagandistic message available to the masses. The Cold War Nazi Germanys invasion of the Soviet Union forced the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union into wartime cooperation despite their past tensions.However, from the start, the alliance between the worlds leading economic power, th e worlds largest colonial empire and the worlds first Communist state was marked by mutual suspicion and ideological tension. The Cold War began shortly after the end of World War II over disagreements on how postwar Europe should be rebuilt. While neither side ever officially fought the other, as the consequences would be too appalling with the Soviet Unions departure Army and the Americans possession of the A-bomb, they did operate an incredible war of propaganda.Soviet propaganda focused mainly on overcoming such hardships as exploitation of the working class, racial discrimination and discrimination against women. Their propaganda described the Soviet society as a modern, progressive culture. While they relied upon a variety of resources for propaganda, their posters were the Soviets most influential pieces. These posters focused upon the achievements of Russian communists politically, economically and technologically.Domestically, these posters aimed at change magnitude gov ernment support and building patriotism. Many posters focused upon anti-American sentiments. The American capitalist was portrayed as a large, plump old man polished in a tuxedo and hat. Typical actions of the capitalist in Soviet posters included withholding grain from hungry peasants or running over children with his glistening car. These posters attacked the benefits of the wealth that result from capitalism, while other posters showed the effects of capitalism on poverty.In 1942 the United States created the Office of War Information (OWI), which was responsible for disseminating anti-communist propaganda in order to induce Americans that the US was justified in this new battle. The anti-communist propaganda made Americans fearful and strengthened the movement to support the United States opposition to communist states. This propaganda saturated books, pamphlets, comics, films, and radio for just about 30 years during the Cold War. Hollywood films became a common feature to f urther propagandize the communist platform with titles such as Apocalypse Now, Red Dawn and Dr. Strangelove .Among its wide-ranging responsibilities, OWI reviewed and approved the design and content of government posters and established the Voice of America, as a method of transmitting its messages to the masses. Voice of America still remains the official government broadcasting service of the United States today. Funded by the US government, it defines itself as an international broadcasting service boasting 1,000 hours of news, information, educational, and cultural schedule weekly to a worldwide audience of approximately 115 million people. Propaganda in North America Today 9/11 and the War on TerrorismIn the wake of 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centers in 2001, then Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld quickly created a modern version of the OWI, with the Office of Strategic Influence (OSI) to disseminate war information. In the fine planning stages leading up to an invasion of Iraq, the twisting of public opinion in the US, and round the world, was an integral part of their war agenda. Acts of war were proclaimed humanitarian interventions geared towards regime change and the restoration of democracy. soldiery occupation and the killing of civilians are presented as peace-keeping.In news reports on actual, possible or future terrorist attacks, the propaganda campaign exhibited a consistent pattern referring to reliable sources or a growing body of evidence and included key phrases such as terrorist groups involved had ties to Bin Laden or Al Qaeda. intelligence activity reports unwittingly confirmed the Americas need to initiate pre-emptive actions directed against these various terrorist organizations and/or the foreign governments that harbour the terrorists. These types of news reports were also used to excuse ethnic profiling and mass arrests of presumed terrorists.As it had done during the Cold War, the government also influenced the scope and direction of many Hollywood productions as immediately following 9/11. One third of Hollywood productions were war movies that reinforced the message of patriotism such as Black Hawk Down and Spy Game. In their book Propaganda and Persuasion , authors Garth Jowett and Victoria ODonnell suggest that overtly patriotic national celebrations are forms white propaganda. Celebrations such as the Fourth of July or Canada Day are designed to increase patriotism by bolstering national pride and glorifying dying for ones country.In 1991, President Bush went to watch one of the US oldest annual Independence Day celebrations held in Missouri. Wearing an American flag in his pocket, he praised American troops who fought in the Persian Gulf verbalize the war had made everyone in the country proud to say I am an American and I love my country. These types of propagandistic celebrations are all important(p) in times of war, drawing on the emotions of its countrymen in order for the government to gain support for its actions. My Canada Includes Quebec In 1995, Canadians faced the possibility of the province of Quebecs detachment from Canada.Since the referendum battle was over the hypothetical situation with complex facts and nationalist emotions, the most important fight of the referendum was for the minds and spirits of the Quebec voters. Spearheaded by the separatist Bloc Quebecois Party, Quebec residents were cater a continuous stream of negative images of federalism into their collective psyche. The majority of the propaganda during the referendum came from the Bloc Quebecois (separatists) and Party Quebecois (nationalists) who used a combination of party ideas, facts and images to spread the idea that rest of Canada would never recognize Quebecs distinctiveness.To that end, Nationalists launched the slogan that a vote for the Non is a vote for the status quo. However, the majority of their propagandistic campaign revolved around discrediting federalism as harming Quebec to help to reinforce their core nationalist support presenting their images of a peaceful, easy separation and the inevitability of Quebec becoming a normal nation-state. On the hawk side, Federalists launched their own campaign to counter the pro-separatist and nationalist propagandistic messaging.Federalists employed facts of the high cost of separation and the dangers of instability and ethnic conflict, as an attempt to for force the Nationalists into reason the need of an independent state. Today most of the propaganda in the North America comes from governments and various private entities. In this respect, propaganda is an ambiguous term that can often mean the same as advertising. Radio, newspaper, posters, books, and anything else the government might send out to the widespread public can be considered, by definition, propaganda. Advertising as PropagandaIn the early 20th century, the founders of the growing public relations industry originally used the term propaganda to describe their activities. This usage died out around the time of World War II, as the industry started to avoid the word, given the negative connotation it had acquired. Whatever you call it, advertising is a form of propaganda as it is ever-present and the message it carries is a result of ulterior motives by people who want to make money and maintain the status quo. Alongside the news, advertising is a tool that shapes public opinion.Everywhere you look there is some form of advertising, whether youre driving a car or taking public transit, there is advertising. Billboards, posters, newspapers, magazines everywhere we turn we are exposed to some form of advertising pushing a product, concept or belief on to us. Advertising is a fiercely competitive industry with success won not necessarily by the best product, but rather with the best advertising. As advertising relies on the amount of coverage or penetration, coupled with the shade of the delivery, it is ea sy to see how it compares to propaganda.If a tag or a brand logo is reproduced enough to give way recognizable by a large piece of the community, it becomes part of the social landscape and instantly embedded into the mind. Advertising has evolved from its beginnings as a text-based medium highlighting a products merits into the marketing feelings, life-style and fantasy with advertising campaigns such as Calvin Kleins Obsession, which feature highly sexualized images that convey beauty and virility though photographs of almost nude models.Consumers have become oblivious to the propagandistic qualities of advertising but are not immune to its effects. Look at the successful marketing of Energizer batteries with its creation of its Energizer bunny rabbit. Since 1989, Energizer has featured its bunny in their commercials, hammering the simple message it keeps going and going into the minds of consumers. Energizer is an excellent example of a company that has successfully ensured consumers understand their product message by employing the techniques of propaganda.When watching a commercial for Energizer, consumers now immediately associate the infamous pink bunny to the Energizer product. For its success, the Energizer Bunny campaign was recognized as one of the Top Five Advertising Icons of the 20th Century, and has received multiple television advertising awards. closing Throughout history, propaganda has been used and misused to suit the needs of governments during times of crisis, such as war and political instability, and to garner support for private causes such as Christianity in the fourth century.With increased literacy and information readily available to support and/or refute arguments, society is more alert to messages of government/political propaganda and what is rigorously information dissemination than its forefathers. However, under the guise of advertising, propaganda continues to be an acceptable tool of persuasion a multi-billion dollar industry in fact Consumers are critical when analyzing information presented by governing bodies, yet readily accept the messages/promising conveyed in advertising. Would society be as indifferent to advertising if it were still called propaganda?The formation of watchdog groups, such as Adbusters, call attention of the propagandistic messages by questioning facts and parodying advertising campaigns with unpleasant product realities. With their proclaimed goal to get folks to get mad about corporate disinformation , Adbusters has created campaigns such as TV Turnoff Week, a method of mass protest against the inundation of commercial messages. While such watchdog groups call attention to advertisings one-sided, self-serving message, it is up to consumers to pay attention to product messaging and its effects on our culture.

Ethics in Counseling Essay

This paper analyses social, ethical and lawful issues within a complaint initiated by the NSW health Care Complaints Commission (HCCC) against a psychologist, Steven Kreft (HCCC v Kreft, 2011). The HCCC investigated a complaint by a customer of Kreft of personal and sexual disclosures, as considerably as amateurish sermon in the solicitation of a photograph of the guest in which the client was habilimented in underwear. Krefts actions are assessed in light of headmaster and ethical standards as well as potential breaches of the law. Steven Kreft, was an experient psychologist narrowly specialising in the treatment of men with anxiety conditions using cognitive-behavioural therapy (HCCC v Kreft, 2011). The client, a 19-year-old get married woman, was referred to Kreft because of anxiety and possibly panic attacks, but during the initial stages of counselling, she raised blood problems, her appearance and sexual needs and answers with him and these became the focus of their sessions.Kreft conveyed to the client that he was non experienced or skilled in the treatment of kinship problems or sexual disorders, however, the client enjoind that she wished to continue working with him and he did non insist on referring her elsewhere. The client ultimately accused Kreft of failing to watch over proper professional boundaries and engaging in inappropriate discussions of a personal nature in which he Complimented her on her appearance referring to her petite size, short height and thin build, and likened her to his girlfriend Commented on her wearing Bonds underwear like his girlfriend wore Asked the client to commentary on his physiologic appearanceDisclosed details of his personal life including the number of sexual partners he had had, that his girlfriend would share a bed with other girlfriends when they slept over, that he had been in love numerous times, and that he had thought somewhat homosexuality during his youth (HCCC v Kreft, 2011). In addit ion, Kreft was accused of failing to follow or observe appropriate therapeutic practice and/or failing to observe proper professional boundaries when he asked the client for photographs for a study in which other sight would rate the clients appearance. One of these photographs pictured the client dressed in underwear. Kreft copied these photographs onto his own computer for later presentation to unnamed others.This exercise was not recorded in the clients clinical notes (HCCC v Kreft, 2011). The HCCC investigated the clients complaints and took disciplinary action against him. There are numerous social, ethical and legal issues in this case. Although Kreft was in fact a psychologist, for the purpose of this paper, his conduct will be assessed against the Australian Counselling Associations Code of Ethics and pattern (2012). This paper will explore the power imbalance between Kreft and his client, the effect of his behaviour on the therapeutic relationship and whether Krefts behav iour might cast off breached sexual harassment laws. Ethical and legal guidelines exist to offer protection to people who may experience harm as a result of the actions of another(prenominal) person. According to Welfel (2013, p.3), professional ethics in counselling encompasses five dimensions of behaviour including having sufficient knowledge, skill and judgement respecting the clients human dignity and granting immunity using a counsellors inherent power responsibly and, acting to promote public confidence in the counselling profession.This provides a helpful framework for assessing Krefts conduct in this case. Beginning with Krefts expertise, Kreft usu wholey used a strict cognitive-behavioural protocol for the management of anxiety and panic disorders. Kreft is depict by his own treating psychiatrist as a skilled practitioner in a narrow field, having been trained to think rationally and logically. Krefts practice involved administering protocols, carrying out logic-based i nterventions and requires his patients to occupy a mindset where they share a common objective and commitment to the treatment and its proposed outcome (HCCC v Kreft, 2011 at 227).Although referred to Kreft because of his germane(predicate) expertise, the treatment interaction became sexualised when the client began talking about her sexual experiences and practices. There was further exploration of her concerns about her personal appearance, low self-esteem, need for validation by men via her sexual activities and descriptions of her specific sexual behaviour. Here, Kreft was out of his professional depth. Specifically on this matter, the Australian Counselling Associations (ACA) Code of Ethics and rehearse states that counsellors must endeavour to make suitable referral where competent service so-and-sonot be provided (p.3) and undertake regular command and debriefing to develop skills, monitor performance and adjudge professional accountability (p.3).Although Kreft prize th atthe clients relationship and sexual issues were beyond his expertise and conveyed as much to the client, he could bring forth insisted on referral, contempt the clients preference for continued sessions with him. The ACA further states that competence includes being able to recognise when it is appropriate to refer a client elsewhere (p.12). The rationale for this professional expectation is that counsellors are required to take all fairish steps to ensure that the client does not suffer physical, emotional or psychological harm during counselling sessions (p.4). Sexualisation of the therapeutic relationship can be harmful to clients, and in this case, it is difficult to see how it served the client. According to the ACA Code of Ethics and Practice, the helping relationship constitutes the effective and appropriate use of helpers skills that are for the bene fit(p) and safety of the client in his or her circumstances (2012, p.3), and counsellors must take all reasonable steps t o ensure that the client does not suffer physical, emotional or psychological harm during counselling sessions (2012, p.4).In relation to the disclosures, for whose benefit where they? It is unreadable what led Kreft to make sexualised self-disclosures and what purpose he thought they served. Perhaps it was a response to the clients exploration of her relationships and sexual activities. such client self-disclosure can sexualise the therapeutic relationship (Gurtheil & Brodsky, 2011, p. 183). Counsellor disclosures are inevitable and sometimes useful, but self-disclosure can become burdensome to the client and therefore detrimental. Gurtheil and Brodsky (2011) state that in cases of sexual misconduct, a key turning point often occurs when the relationship shifts from a therapeutic exchange to one of sharing personal confidences and feelings (p.114). They further state that even therapists whose practice deliberately includes open self-disclosure, it is rarely useful and usually bur densome for clients to hear details of the therapists emotional, sexual, personal or family life. Such disclosures, especially when they involve sexual feelings, are nearly always considered boundary violations (p.115).It seems that Kreft may have been meeting some personal need by qualification the disclosures. Without having observed the interaction, it is difficult to judge, however, perhaps in an attempt to normalise the clients experience or keep her engaged, Kreft seems to also be almost brag of his own sexual prowess. This amounts to an exploitation of the client forhis own needs. The APA states that, counsellors must not exploit their clients financially, sexually, emotionally or in any other way (pp.4-5). If sick handled, the power imbalance inherent in the therapeutic relationship can lead to exploitation of clients (Barnett, Lazarus, Vasquez, Moorehead-Slaughter & Johnson, 2007, p.402). A tender female client, is less likely to repugn the appropriateness of such com ments. In addition to the sexualised disclosures, Kreft devised an exercise based on his narrow focus on CBT, which he believed would help the client. He requested and obtained a photo of his client wearing a bra and underpants for the purpose of an exercise aimed at challenging the clients maladaptive or negative beliefs about her appearance.The photo was to be shown to a number of unnamed people in order for them to rate her appearance. Kreft claimed in his testimony that he created the exercise based on his expertise and training. He did not state that he researched current effective practice or discussed the clients needs in supervision. It would seem wise to educate oneself about an unfamiliar field of practice or client. In fact, the ACAs ethical expectations include counsellors committing to ongoing personal and professional development, as well as undertake regular supervision and debriefing (p.3). A cursory investigation of accepted treatments for body image problems Butt ers and Cash (1987) research into effective cognitive-behavioural treatment of women with body-image dissatisfaction found that a combination of methods produced improved affective body image, reduced maladaptive body-image cognitions and enhanced social self-esteem about fitness and sexuality. The methods included providing clients with information about body-image dissatisfaction, having clients construct a personalised hierarchy of body areas, desensitisation to automatic thoughts and developing counterarguments for irrational thoughts.Butters and Cash (1987) did use observer ratings of client physical attractiveness as part of the series of exercises, but there is no suggestion that clients were to be barely dressed in the photographs used. Kreft seemed to exercise poor discernment in his selection of a photograph in which the client was so scantily clothed. Kreft seemed unaware of his power in the relationship. Power within the therapeutic relationship can take numerous forms. Proctor (2002, p.8) states that one basic form is societal power which is expressed in the imbalances between the genders and between the old and young. In thiscase, Kreft was an older male with a teenage female client. According to testimony in his case, Kreft was accustomed to working with male clients, so he may have been unaccustomed to working with a young female. He may have been unaware of the subconscious power he held in the relationship simply by virtue of his stronger position in society. Pope and Vasquez (2007, pp41-42) describe other forms of power that therapists have in relation to clients. These include the power of expectationclients expects that the therapists interventions will be able to induce beneficial change.Related to this is the power to choose the approach to therapy. Kreft chose to make personal disclosures and chose the therapeutic exercise involving the clients photograph. She complied with the activity, although she stated in her complaint that she wa s very uncomfortable about it. Kreft failed to recognise this in her delayed provision of the photo, but also failed to recognise that any young woman might be uncomfortable with such an exercise, yet reluctant to refuse. He did not make this psychologically safe for her. Under the prim adapted Opportunity Act 2010, both the disclosures and the request for photographs could be deemed sexual harassment and therefore unlawful. A person sexually harasses another person if he or she engages in unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature in relation to another person in circumstances in which a reasonable person, having regard to all the circumstances, would have anticipated that the other person would be offended, humiliated or intimidated. Conduct of a sexual nature includes making orally, any remark or statement with sexual connotations to a person or about a person in his or her presence, and, making any comment of a sexual nature in a persons presence (Victorian Equal Opportunity and Hum an Rights Commission, 2013a, p.79).There are therefore three characteristics of behaviour that would have it constitute sexual harassment being unwelcome being conduct of a sexual nature and being conduct that a reasonable person would consider likely to offend, humiliate or intimidate in the circumstances. There seems little doubt that Krefts disclosures about his sexual activities fit this definition of conduct of a sexual nature. In relation to whether the comments were unwelcome to the client, it certainly appears so, as she has complained of as much. For conduct to be unwelcome, it must be unrequested or uninvited by the client, and regarded as undesirable or offensive by the client. Kreft does not suggest that theclient invited the comments. Even if a client does not speak up or complain at the time, the conduct might still be considered unwelcome (Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission, 2013b, p.6).The clients age is a factor recognised as causing someone to tolerate behaviour even if unwelcome. Numerous sexual harassment cases have recognised how a power imbalance between the parties can contribute to a person remaining silent about how unwelcome the behaviour is (VEOHRC, 2013a, p.85). The final part in sexual harassment is whether the conduct occurred in circumstances in which it could reasonably have been expected that the conduct would offend, humiliate or intimidate the person. Again, presumptuousness the clients age in relation to Kreft, and the highly sexual nature of the disclosures, within a relationship that should be focusing on the clients concerns, it seems that this third criterion of sexual harassment would be met. In conclusion, it seems that Steven Krefts behaviour in this case fell far short of recognised ethical, legal and social expectations. He took on a client with issues outside his narrow expertise and attempted to work with her in relation to the highly sexualised disclosures she make about her relationship s with men. Krefts own highly sexualised personal disclosures were unethical according to professional guidelines and potentially unlawful, under sexual harassment laws.Krefts attempts to help the client change her negative beliefs about her body were devised without reference to existing knowledge in the treatment of such problems and again became sexualised when Kreft chose a photo of the client dressed only in underwear. Ultimately, Kreft was required to update his training, engage in regular supervision, and undergo a suspension of practice for six months. Krefts case provides a number of warnings for other practitioners about the dangers of a narrow knowledge and experience base, as well as the importance of understanding the various dimensions of therapeutic relationships. Counsellors would do well to have a sound understanding of ethical boundaries and how they might appropriately respond to a clients disclosures of sexual behaviour. Having regular supervision is crucial for assisting counsellors in all of these areas.ReferencesAustralian Counselling Association. (2012). Code of ethics and practice. QLD Author.Barnett, J., Lazarus, A., Vasquez, M., Moorehead-Slaughter, O., & Johnson, W. (2007). Boundary issues and multiple relationships Fantasy and reality. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 38(4), 401410. Butters, J. W. & Cash, T. F. (1987) Cognitive-behavioral treatment of womens body-image dissatisfaction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 6. Gurtheil, T. G. & Brodsky, A. (2011). Preventing boundary violations in clinical practice. London Guilford Press. HCCC v Kreft (No. 1) (2011) NSWPST 2.HCCC v Kreft (No. 2) (2012) NSWPST 1.Pope, K. S. & Vasquez, M. J. (2011). Ethics in psychotherapy and counselling A practical guide. cutting Jersey John Wiley and Sons. Proctor, G. (2002). The dynamics of power in counseling and psychotherapy ethics, politics and practice. Ross-on-wye, Herefordshire PCCS Books. Victorian Equal Opportu nity and Human Rights Commission. (2013a). Victorian discrimination law. Melbourne, Australia Author. Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission. (2013b). Guideline Sexual harassment. Complying with the Equal Opportunity Act 2010. Melbourne, Australia Author. Welfel, E. R. (2013). Ethics in counseling and psychotherapy. (5th ed.). Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole.

Reggio Emillia Essay

A Reggio pre-school is a special kind of place, one and only(a) in which young human beings ar invited to grow in mind, in sensibility and in belonging to a broader union. (Learning and teaching Scotland, 2006) For this case study I am acquittance to look at the four themes of the Early Years Foundation Stage, overly k straight offn as the EYFS. The EYFS sets the standards that all early years providers must meet to ensure that tiddlerren learn, develop well, and ar kept healthy and safe.It promotes teaching and learning to ensure childrens school readiness and gives children the broad range of knowledge and skills that will provide the right origin for good future progress, throughout school, and adult life. (Hutchin, 2012) I will be highlighting links between the EYFSs four main themes A remark qualified Child, Positive Relationships, Enabling Environments and Learning and Developing, and discussing how the Reggio Emilia Approach supports these themes. The Reggio Emilia A pproach is focused on preschool and primary education, originally set up in the Union Italian town of Reggio Emilia.It has a reputation for forward thinking and excellence in its coming to early childhood education. It is an lift where the expressive crafts map a central role in learning and where a unique reciprocal learning relationship exists between practitioner and child. (Tornton, 2006) According to Locke and Rousseau children argon natural as blank slates completely free of any predisposition or vulnerabilities, and that everything the child would become was due to the effects of their environment.(Moyles, 2010) though within the Reggio Emilia approach they see children as slightly different, they believe children argon empty vessels waiting eagerly to be filled with knowledge. Reggio educators believe strongly that a child has untrammelled potential and is eager to interact with, and contribute to the world. (Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2006) The way the Reggio E milia Approach views their children is much like the Early Years Foundation Stage. The EYFS states ever child is a unique child who is constantly learning and washstand be resilient, capable, confident and self-assured.(EYFS, 2012) Both the EYFS and the Reggio Emilia Approach see children as individuals this is conveyed throughout the EYFS, as one of its main themes is A Unique Child. The EYFS states practitioners should understand and observe each childs development and learning, assess progress, and plan for the next steps. (EYFS, 2012) The Reggio Emilia approach tackles this in a very different way in relation to the UK. Childrens work is documented throughout the year on walls to display a story of the childs learning it is not something that is made after the child has finished working.Educators observe, document and analyse childrens learning journeys, they ar able to make informed hypotheses about how to guide children in their learning. It is obvious then that documentati on is far removed from photographic displays of completed project work. (Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2006) passim the Reggio Emilia march onings there are many long, child height mirrors. This is designed to support children to help them develop a positive sense of their own individuality and culture. This is one of the practices of the Unique Child theme in the EYFS.Another way the Reggio Emilia Approach supports children finding their own identity is pedagogy this means that art is seen as another way of communicating and expressing ideas. Children are also encouraged to raise their own questions and answers, and this re-enforces the childs vox populi that their thinking is valued. Education is found on relationships. Reggio Emilia teachers are seen as partners in learning, (Tornton, 2006) for example pupils and teachers work together aiming towards a common purpose the building of a culture. This respects childhood as a time to look, create and be joyful.Participation b egins even before the children have started school, through a comprehensive integration programme. This involves meetings between children, parents and teachers to build an image of the child as an individual. This often involves the child doing a task such as making a holiday booklet of photographs and favourite glasshouse rhymes this can be used as stimulus for discussion between child and teacher. (Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2006) The teachers working with the child links to one of the four themes within the EYFS- Positive Relationships.The EYFS states you should be adjuvant of the childs own efforts and independence (EYFS, DATE). By the teacher being a partner in learning, suggests that children could have the freedom to convey their thoughts and ideas more freely. To give an example The teacher strives to support and encourage the child on the learning journey, encouraging them to reflect and to question. In this sense, the role of the teacher is not to dispense informat ion or simply to correct. Rather, the teacher is like a tool that the children use when most needed.(Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2006) This also links to Jerome Bruners theory of scaffolding, this is the idea that you can give children support in their learning. Froebel also stressed the significance of building positive relationships within an educational environment his most important gift to children was the classroom, symbolically viewed as an extension of a lovely, thriving garden. This enabled the teacher to take on the role of a loving, supportive parent. (Bruce, 2012) This shows that from a personal view he thought teachers should be like an empathetic parent.Environment plays a key role in supporting and extending a childs development. Vygotsky believed that we learn from our environment and the people around us. (Vygotsky, 1978) His view is much like the teachings of the Reggio Emilia Approach, for example one of their fundamental principles says the environment is the ternion teacher, the environment is recognised for its potential to inspire children. (Tornton, 2006) Kerka (1999) suggests that an environment that nurtures learning provides the necessary resources and time for investigative play and experimentation.It is one in which children are free and cause to make choices and to explore for answers without feeling intimidated. (Cited, Danko-Mcghee, 2009) Within the Reggio Emilia settings children have less(prenominal)ons outside in the community, making great use of the Piazzas, which are squares within the town, where children can learn alongside the community, as well as making the most out of the outdoors. This also has an impact on positive relationships between both the community and the children, which links to the enabling environment within the EYFS.Reggio Emilia buildings and spaces link to what the EYFS suggests practices should offer, stimulating recourses, relevant to all the childrens cultures and communities. Reggio Emilia s ettings, buildings and spaces reflect their relationships and view of the child. There are lots of long windows, this is so that the children can interact with the outside community, and also it reflects the idea that education is not just what you learn in the classroom. It is seen as less restricting to have long windows, and lets a lot of light into the setting creating a more natural airy environment.Within the setting there are a lot of natural materials used, from the childrens toys and equipment to the building and furniture inside. This is much like Steiners view, in his schools all toys are made from natural materials, this is because unsubdivided toys stimulate and encourage imagination, as children can interoperate natural materials to be anything they want. Throughout this assessment I have been linking the key themes of the EYFS and relating them to the Reggio Emilia Approach, I am now going to discus whether or not the approach can be taken from Italy and brought to t he UK.As I have mentioned above a big shot of the Reggio Emilia approach is the environment, I believe this may be a problem as many of our English calendar months can be wet, cold, and miserable. Children give-up the ghost the majority of time indoors during the winter months, even sometimes on dry days largely due to protests from parents that the damp weather is bad for the children. Though in Italy they do not have this problem, if it is wet or cold they just see this as an opportunity for children to wrap up warmer.I do believe it is counter-productive to wrap children up in cotton wall, I think that sometimes it is good for children to be taken out of their comfort zones. This will usefulness a childs emotional development by trying and exploring new things and gaining self-confidence. Maybe we need to look at our cultures upbringing of our children and let children explore the different seasons. Even though the outdoors isnt a major part of the Reggio Emilia is it still h ighly valued, as they like to encourage a lot of natural materials and bring the outdoors in, whilst exploring the different environments.Also we lack in open out door spaces within the community for example in Italy they have plazas Bringing this approach to the UK may cause some trouble for children who do not have a beneficial home setting this is because going to school creates a secure environment. Whereas, with the Reggio Emilia approach, children may find their education too unstructured. Instead of choosing their learning methods, they might prefer a setting with secure guidelines and learning outcomes. Furthermore I think the transition from the Reggio Emilia Approach to mainstream higher education may be difficultas the children, as they are so used to the freedom and the scaffolding of the teachers, that they might not be able to settle into the strict curriculum. I believe this quote sums up my opinion perfectly, It is a mistake to take any approach and assume like a fl ower you can take it from one soil and put it in another one. That never works. We have to figure out what aspects of that are most important to us and what kind of soil we need to make those aspects (Gardner, 1993)

Helping Parents and Caregivers Fight Chilhood Obesity Essay

Helping Parents and Caregivers in the Fight Against Childhood Obesity Young children acquire their knowledge by dint of direct instruction, modeling, and experiences within their environment (Lanigan, 2010, p. 369). Children who are obese are known to watch lower self-esteem, and a higher risk of becoming drinkers, smokers, and/or socially isolated as they mature. Health concerns such as Cardiovascular Disease Gall Bladder problems Hypertension and Sleep Apnea have all been associated with childhood corpulency (Robinson Geier Rizzolo Sedrak, 2011). Teaching portion control, implementing a healthy balanced nourishment, and adding in daily physiological activities provoke serve up parents and caregivers in the fight against childhood corpulency. Portion control is something that has to be developed from within a person. By introducing and practicing the use of healthy eating habits early in life, parents and caregivers are increasing the opportunities for a child to memo adva nce behaviors that can help them to develop a healthy life style.This type of life style can in turn increase the childs chances of reversing or even preventing obesity. Teaching children to recognize what it feels care in their bodies when they are hungry or what could be called their hunger signals, while encouraging them to eat their viands more slowly, and persuading them to stop eating when they feel they have had enough, even though they may still have food left over, are all ways of promoting healthy eating habits in children. The practice and observance of these skills will benefit children in their journey to a healthy life. Creating a healthy balanced diet can be a gainsay for families. The convenience of the fast food industry has increased the challenge for families. Most families have parents or caregivers who work long hours and have little down time, causing them to trip up dinner verses preparing it as was once the norm.In a balanced diet, the recommendation of carbohydrates is 45% to 50% of the primitive daily calories, while fat intake is at 30% to 35% (Philippas Lo, 2005). Focusing on the skilful fats and carbs are of extreme importance. Making choices with fruits, vegetables, legumes, and healthier poly- andmonounsaturated fats, verses saturated fats and refined carbohydrates like white bread, refined sugar, diffuse drinks, cakes and candies, can dramatically assist in the battle against childhood obesity. While portion control and a healthy balanced diet are essential in the fight against childhood obesity, the benefits of physical employment should not be ignored. Exercise is a key component in the treatment and prevention of obesity in children (Robinson Geier Rizzolo Sedrak, 2011).Exercise will assist in weight loss as well as improve metabolic risk factors such as hypertension, and has been known to have led to the lowering of kind pressure, along with reducing in depression, anxiety, and improvement of self-esteem (Robinson Geier Rizzolo Sedrak, 2011). The obesity epidemic is being blamed for the rise in serious diseases and disorders (Robinson Geier Rizzolo Sedrak, 2011). With this information of the multiple health concerns that have been associated with childhood obesity, parents and caregivers must be fortify with education and resources to fight against this disease. Teaching portion control, implementing a healthy balanced diet, and adding in daily physical activities can help parents and caregivers in the fight against the disease known as childhood obesity.

Knowledge Organisation and Learning

1. Introduction The medical exertion today has transformed in recent forms as a result of the inclining demography scale. This has led the government to rethink of the countrys healthc be expenditures whether they are able to meet with the expect to the health and medical industry (Group 2011). visor hospital is structured with a holistic healthcare features that provide be establish with the most advance technologies and high standard of service to patients, locals and overseas. Moving towards the growing maturement populations, the main emphasize forget be on enforcing of the health awareness of the everyday. . Objective The team clinical is to identify the future knowledge workers affair and skills requirement so as to be a flourishing workers in future 2020. 3. PESTEL Analysis in year 2020 In analysing the external environment, the team has applied development the PESTEL tool to analyse each of the components of the external environment and identify the varys that provide be establish in 2020. 3. 1) Political factors In 2020, the government bequeath be spending approximately $10 million per year on healthcare. Higher subsidies granted to lower-income families with sickness.Further much, the government bemuse also planned to ramp up the stand and manpower by recruiting 20,000 healthcare workers and 3,700 hospital beds, creating more jobs opening (HSA 2007-2011). Government allow also seem into working closely with semiprivate hospital on bed leasing (source MOH healthcare 2020 Masterplan). 3. 2) Economic factors Population will increase, hence, the standard of living will increase as well. The government remains stable and provides strong run on in funding capitals to healthcare sector that attracts more foreigners to opt for medical advice in Singapore and high recruitment (Channelnewsasia, 2013). . 3) Social Issues such as more ageing population in 2020, with over 25% of its population above the age of 65 years old, parallel to seve ral other developed countries virtually the world that has a distended grey population. As more foreigners are coming into Singapore, Singapore will be a multi racial country with English as a common language that is universally recognize. 3. 4) proficient In future, new invention will be coming in, thus, the technology will be advancing. on that point will be robotic system to wait on in surgeon for effective and efficient surgery.Furthermore, thither will be web-cam system installed for the patients to interact with their love ones. Patients may monitor their health condition simply with an low-cost personal pocket size device consist of sensors, actuators and mechanisms. It also helps to alarm the hospital in all case of emergency instead of reaching a phone to dial for emergency. 3. 5) Ecology In 2020, solar panels will be able to substitute the usage of electricity. Implementing the solar energy system will be useful to conserve energy and save high cost of electrical main tenance for the hospital.Organics products will be use instead of chemical content to patients with allergy. 3. 6) Legal More Act to implement the control, licensing and inspection of private hospitals, medical clinics, clinical laboratories and healthcare establishments (Attorney Generals Chambers, 2011). 4. Current Roles and Knowledge The team has selected four of the major roles in Pinnacle hospital to analyze their skill and knowledge acquired to comply with the duties they handle. They are the Doctors, Nurses, Operation Manager and Customer sexual relation Executive. 4. 1) DoctorsThe doctors are expertise in their medical field as they are required to diagnose the patients illness and vital to make complex decisions. Moreover, doctors are agreeed and required to be skillful and knowledgeable in handling major/minor op surgery. 4. 2) Nurses Nurses grant many multiple roles in the hospital. They are to perform the role of assisting the doctors in surgery, checking of patients records, being a caretaker and passing of information to both doctors and patients. They also have to handle some minor cases of patients such as washing wounds and injection.Therefore, nurses have to obtain these basic skills in their medical practice. 4. 3) Operation Manager Operation manager are mainly in-charge on policy change and go over effective communication and collaboration among departments. In addition, operation manager have to ensure there is enough resources in the hospital and make sure the hospital is running smoothly. 4. 4) Customer Relation police officer For a Customer Relation Officer, they are required to help to manage the front desk with various admin oblige and enquiries from the patients.They also have to collect information and data of the patients problems and concern. 5. Future Roles and Knowledge getting skills for the following roles in the year 2020 5. 1) Doctors Technology seems to be advanced in year 2020. Robots will be the doctors assistants in operation theatre, which will enhance the efficiency of the surgeon. In any case of technical fault, the doctors will be the one to fix the problem. Therefore, the doctors are required to obtain new skills in technology so as to fix the minor problem of the robot if anything goes wrong.Basic knowledge in operating of the robot is required. It is to ensure that the robots are in good condition to assist the doctors in surgeon smoothly. 5. 2) Nurses Nurses are formerly help to doctor to retrieve patients record and in Op theater. In 2020, ?With centralized database, nurses are to train to use the system effectively to obtain patients record ? Cloud-based text messaging system that nurses will have to send out update the status of patient undergoing surgery to family or friends to reduce the waiting time. Nurses will learn to communicate with patients via online consultation web with patients family members who well-versed in IT to ensure correct enlarge are conveyed and no error made. 5. 3) Operations Manager Currently, routine check will all be taken over with centralised method and will be fully automatic via sensors system. Mini bring in device will be issued to patients whom admitted to hospitals. Moreover, they will require maintaining and tracking the patients attendance and do arrangement for demesne transfers for overseas Patients. 5. ) Customer Relations Officer In Customer Relations Officer, most commonly the officers feel with communication barrier. In 2020, these cases will be resolved via the following ? officers has to be train to be more linguistic as more foreigners are expected to seek medical help ? Officers can be train to educate patients on the use of e-booking online as it reduce waiting time and crowding the retention area. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, the demographic graph is inclining towards ageing population as such it is necessary to create more health awareness.With advance technology implemented in hospital, each staff are required to attend the training according to the skills they acquired to be hands-on with centralized database system and able to assist more patients from overseas whom are seeking medical advice in Singapore. It is hoped that Singapore could become a frontmost originator of innovative, aged-friendly technology, products and devices. The ageing issue requires the integration and strategic alignment of new technologies, personal responsibility and public policy.

Philippine Legend Of Calamba: In War And Peace By Demetrio L. Hilberio Essay

An excerpt from Calamba In War and Peace by Demetrio L. Hilberio tells us of the par adapted of the cause of Calamba. This legend is inscribed on a st unrivaled marker that tooshie found at the base of the giant clay visual modality and can be read as The authentic legend goes that at about the yield of 16th century, cardinal Spanish soldiers came to a village by the shore of Laguna de Bay. Attracted by the vast unstained with verdant greeneries that spread up to a majestic mountain, the strangers became fishy to learn the bod of the place. Soon there came a native young lady carrying an earthen quiver by her waist. She was to fetch water from the lake. Seizing the opportunity, the two soldiers inquired in Spanish from the young lady the name of the place. Frightened with the sight of clean-living strangers in colorful uniforms, the native damsel got confused. Thinking that the soldiers were asking what she was carrying, she answered nervously KalambaKalamba.. refer aura to the earthen jar she was clasping by her waist. There upon the lady friend scurried away until she was lost in the nigh forest. Themselves surprised, the two Spanish soldiers were left wing muttering KalambaKalamba Since then the sm altogether village on a vast plain close to the Laguna de Bay has been realizen by the name of Kalamba.Legend of coconutLong past there was a Chamorro family belonging to the Achote tribe. The family had a pleasing young daughter who was admired by e genuinelyone in the tribe. sensation mean solar day the girl became actually thirsty. She wanted to drink the juice from a special fruit. Everyone try to find the fruit she described alone to no avail. Soon the girl became very ill and died. The stick bury the girl on a hill everyplace seeming the village. He placed a beautiful headstone on her grave and the people covered it with many beautiful flowers. One day the villagers noticed a strange plant growing on the girls grave. They thought i t was thaumaturgy and built a shelter to protect it. Five years after the plant appeared, it had grown 20 feet tall, strange looking fruits appeared. One of the fruits dropped to the ground and cracked open. The chief called on the father of the dead girl to eat on the strange fruit but he refused. He called his wife to eat the fruit. She said it was impudent and chewy and called it coconut. It remains one of the main foods eaten by the Chamorro people.Legend of makahiyaLong quantify ago, there was a couple in Barangay Masagana (Pampanga today) who wanted a daughter. Their wish was granted and the wife gave bear to a fuck up girl. They called her Maria. Maria was very beautiful but very shy that she wouldnt go out from their house. Weeks later, Spaniards came to their townsfolk. The Spaniards were very cruel that they get everything they wanted. They rob houses and kill everyone who gets in their way and who refused to reach out what they wanted.The couple was very panic to lose their daughter so, they they hid Maria in the bushes so that the Spaniard coudnt find her.After the Spaniards left their town, the couple tested to look for Maria but they couldnt find her even in the bushes where they hid her, instead they found a small-scale plant that is very sensitive that when you touch it, it would immidietlyclose. So they thought it was their daughter, Maria. They called the plant Makahiya that instrument touch me not, desire their daughter who was very shy.LEGEND OF BANANALong ago, before Philippines was invaded by other countries, the only faith Filipinos know is Paganism. They know no God until it was invaded by the Spaniards and killed everyone who refuses to give their robustes. In the town of Vigan (in Philippines), one rich family planned to hide their beautiful daughter named Corazon because they heard that the Spaniard captain wanted their child. Corazon was one of the most beautiful maiden in their town. Every man there wants to beat her hand in marriage.One day, when a multitude of Spaniard soldiers tried again to gather all the riches and properties and everything people harbor in every house, the parents of Corazon panicked knowing their daughter is missing. Corazon was succoring other families to escape from the Spaniard soldiers because the soldiers where trying to kill them.When Corazon headed back to her parents, a Spaniard ultimately caught her and brought her to their captain.The captain want Corazon as his bride but Corazon refused and the captain ordered to kill her and throw her body on the street. When her parents heard the news that their daughter was slaughtered, they gave Corazon a funeral. Because there were no coffin in their time, the townspeople buried Corazons body underground. The next day, the second ceremony is about to start, when the graveyard where Corazon was buried was very crowded. When the parents of Corazon arrived, they power saw a plant growing from the soil. They were curious with the plant because they havent seen such plant. As the old age pass, the plant grew and grew until a fruit came out.The people didnt know exactly if it is a fruit or not because it was very unusual to them. The parents of Corazon concluded that it is their daughter and called the plant, banana. When the Spaniard heard about unusual happening, they fled the town hurriedly. They were shake to death because they thought it was a curse or several(prenominal)thing. The thing that the invaders dont know is, banana was formed with pure heart. The townspeople dont know why the parents of Corazon named it that way. just now wise work force of the town came to a conclusion why the plant was named Banana, its because the allowters ana in the word Banana means his/her or ownership of an individual and the heart shaped fruit that came out from the plant was Corazon and Corazon means heart. Thats why Banana was translated as Her HeartLEGEND OF butterflyThe legend of the beginning(a) bu tterflies say that there was upon a time in a village, an old woman used to have a beautiful flower garden by the shore of a lake. The fishermen from around the nearby villages were in love with her and used to come to her and exchange their fishes from flowers.Everyone in the village noticed nighthing magical about her, because at night her house had a magical glow and once in a while some dwarfs were seen helping a beautiful young woman work in the garden.One day a young couple, very proud I must add, visited the village were the old woman lived, and while pass around, noticed the old womans beautiful flower garden.The couple decided to get at heart the garden and grab some bouquets, when the old woman sees this, walks out of her house and ask the couple to leave, when they turn around to see who was talking to them, they make fun of her and ignore her. Then the old woman, insulted, touches the couple with her slash sayingSince you love beautiful things, you will live from now on as beautiful insectsAnd that day was created the butterflies came to be, who always are found near beautiful flowers.And this is how the Butterflies came to be.FABLESThe lion and the pilferlion was sleeping peacefully when he was woken by something running up and down his back and over his face.Pretending to be s process asleep, the social lion slowly opened one eye and saw that it was a flyspeck mouse.With lightening speed the Lion reached out and caught the little mouse in one of his large paws. He dangled it by its tail and roared, Im the King of Beasts Youll pay with your life for showing me such disrespect.The Lion held the little mouse over his huge open jaws and prepared to swallow it.Please, please dont eat me, Mr King of Beasts, Sir, squeaked the mouse. If you absolve me this time and let me go Ill never, never forget it.I may be able to do you a good turn in the future to repay your kindness, it squeaked.You, do me a prefer roared the Lion with laughter.That is the funniest thing Ive ever heard.Still laughing, the Lion put the mouse down on the ground and said Youve made me laugh so much I cant eat you now. Go on, off you go before I change my mind.The little mouse scurried away as fast as its little legs could go.Not long after this the Lion was caught in a trap by some hunters. They tied him to a tree with rope while they went to get their wagon.The little mouse was nearby and came when he heard the mighty Lions roar for help.The mouse gnawed the rope with his sharp teething and set the Lion free.I know you didnt believe me, but I told you I could help you one day, squeaked the little mouse. Even a little mouse like me can help some one as big and strong as you.Thank you my little friend. I wont forget that lesson, said the Lion as he ran away before the hunters returned.The fox and the crowOne bright morning as the Fox was following his sharp nose through the woodwind instrument in search of a bite to eat, he saw a Crow on the limb of a t ree overhead. This was by no means the first Crow the Fox had ever seen. What caught his attention this time and made him stop for a second look, was that the lucky Crow held a bit of cheese in her beak. No need to search any farther, thought sly Master Fox. Here is a twee bite for my breakfast. Up he trotted to the foot of the tree in which the Crow was sitting, and looking up admiringly, he cried, Good-morning, beautiful creature The Crow, her head cocked on one side, watched the Fox suspiciously.But she kept her beak tightly closed on the cheese and did not return his greeting. What a charming creature she is said the Fox. How her feathers muse What a beautiful form and what splendid wings Such a wonderful Bird should have a very lovely voice, since everything else about her is so perfect. Could she sing ripe one song, I know I should hail her Queen of Birds. Listening to these flattering words, the Crow forgot all her suspicion, and also her breakfast. She wanted very much to be called Queen of Birds. So she opened her beak wide to utter her loudest caw, and down bring down the cheese straight into the Foxs open mouth. Thank you, said Master Fox sweetly, as he walked off. Though it is cracked, you have a voice sure enough. But where are your wits?The donkey And The LapdogA MAN had a domestic ass, and a Maltese Lapdog, a very great beauty. The Donkey was left in a stable and had plenty of oats and hay to eat, just as any other Donkey would. The Lapdog knew many tricks and was a great respectite with his master, who often fondled him and seldom went out to dine without bringing him theme some tidbit to eat. The Donkey, on the contrary, had much work to do in grinding the corn-mill and in carrying wood from the forest or burdens from the farm. He often lamented his own hard fate and contrasted it with the luxury and idleness of the Lapdog, till at last one day he broke his cords and halter, and galloped into his masters house, charge up his heels witho ut measure, and frisking and fawning as well as he could. He next tried to jump about his master as he had seen the Lapdog do, but he broke the table and squiffy all the dishes upon it to atoms.He then attempted to lick his master, and jumped upon his back. The servants, hearing the strange hubbub and perceiving the danger of their master, promptly relieved him, and drove out The Donkey to his stable with kicks and clubs and cuffs. The Donkey, as he returned to his stall beaten most to death, thus lamented I have brought it all on myself Why could I not have been snug to labor with my companions, and not wish to be idle all the day like that useless little LapdogTHE CAT AND THE MOUSEA cat and a mouse wanted to live together and persist house as a partnership. They prepared for winter by buying a pot of fat, and because they had no safer spot for it, they placed it under the alter in the perform until such time that they would need it. However, one day the cat took a longing fo r it, and approached the mouse. Listen, little mouse, my cousin has invited me to serve as godfather. She has given birth to a brown and white spotted little son, and I am supposed to carry him to his baptism. Is it all right for me to leave you home alone with the housework today?Go ahead, said the mouse, and if they serve you something good, just think of me. I would certainly welcome a drop of good red christening wine. But the cat went straight to the church and ate the top off the fat and then went strolling about the town and did not return home until evening.You must have had a good time, said the mouse. What name did they give the child?Top-Off, answered the cat.Top-Off? Thats a strange name, one that Ive not yet heard.Soon after the cat took other longing, went to the mouse, and said, Ive been asked to serve as godfather once again.The child has a white ring around its body. I cant say no. Youll have to do me a favor and take care of the house by yourself today.The mouse a greed, and the cat went and ate up half the fat. When she returned home, the mouse asked, What name did this godchild receive?Half-Gone.Half-Gone? What are you telling me? Ive never heard that name. It certainly isnt in the almanac.Now the cat could not take his mind off the pot of fat. Ive been invited to serve as godfather for a third time, he said. The child is black and has white paws, but not another white hair on his entire body. That only happens once in a few years. You will let me go, wont you?Top-Off, Half-Gone, said the mouse. Those names are so curious that it makes me a bit suspicious, but go ahead.The mouse took care of the house and cleaned up everything, while the cat finished off the pot of fat.Round and full, she did not return until nighttime.What is the third childs name?All-Gone.All-Gone That is a worrisome name said the mouse. All-Gone. Just what does this mean? Ive never seen that name in print, and she shook her head and went to bed. No one invited the cat to serve as godfather a fourth time. Winter soon came, and when they could no longstanding find anything to eat outside, the mouse said to the cat, Lets get the provisions that weve hid in the church under the altar. They went there, but the pot was empty.Now I see said the mouse. You came here when you said you were invited to be a godfather. First came Top-Off, then it was Half-Gone, and thenBe still, said the cat. Ill eat you up, if you say another word.All-Gone was already in the poor mouses mouth, and she had scarcely said it before the cat jumped on her and swallowed her down.